1.序
应用程序也可以像内核一样按照一定规则的组织模块。通过链接脚本就可以做到。
2.查看默认链接脚本
没有链接脚本,程序也是不知道如何在内存当中进行组织的。只不过一般情况下,做应用的程序员不
需要关心而已。
leon@netview:~$
leon@netview:~$ ld --verbose
GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.24
Supported emulations:
elf_i386
i386linux
elf32_x86_64
elf_x86_64
elf_l1om
elf_k1om
i386pep
i386pe
using internal linker script:
==================================================
/* Script for -z combreloc: combine and sort reloc sections */
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OUTPUT_ARCH(i386)
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SEARCH_DIR("/usr/i686-linux-gnu/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib/i386-linux-gnu"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib/i386-linux-gnu"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib");
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==================================================
leon@netview:~$ leon@netview:~$
leon@netview:~$ arm-linux-ld --verbose
GNU ld (Sourcery G++ Lite 2008q3-72) 2.18.50.20080215
Supported emulations:
armelf_linux_eabi
armelfb_linux_eabi
using internal linker script:
==================================================
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==================================================
leon@netview:~$ leon@netview:~$ arm-hisiv300-linux-ld --verbose
GNU ld (Hisilicon_v300) 2.24.0.20131220
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==================================================
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.tbss : { *(.tbss .tbss.* .gnu.linkonce.tb.*) *(.tcommon) }
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.init_array :
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KEEP (*(SORT(.init_array.*)))
KEEP (*(.init_array ))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_end = .);
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KEEP (*(.fini_array ))
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}
.ctors :
{
/* gcc uses crtbegin.o to find the start of
the constructors, so we make sure it is
first. Because this is a wildcard, it
doesn't matter if the user does not
actually link against crtbegin.o; the
linker won't look for a file to match a
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doesn't matter which directory crtbegin.o
is in. */
KEEP (*crtbegin.o(.ctors))
KEEP (*crtbegin?.o(.ctors))
/* We don't want to include the .ctor section from
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The .ctor section from the crtend file contains the
end of ctors marker and it must be last */
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KEEP (*(SORT(.ctors.*)))
KEEP (*(.ctors))
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.dtors :
{
KEEP (*crtbegin.o(.dtors))
KEEP (*crtbegin?.o(.dtors))
KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .dtors))
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.jcr : { KEEP (*(.jcr)) }
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. = DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END (0, .);
.got : { *(.got.plt) *(.igot.plt) *(.got) *(.igot) }
.data :
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PROVIDE (__data_start = .);
*(.data .data.* .gnu.linkonce.d.*)
SORT(CONSTRUCTORS)
}
.data1 : { *(.data1) }
_edata = .; PROVIDE (edata = .);
. = .;
__bss_start = .;
__bss_start__ = .;
.bss :
{
*(.dynbss)
*(.bss .bss.* .gnu.linkonce.b.*)
*(COMMON)
/* Align here to ensure that the .bss section occupies space up to
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pad the .data section. */
. = ALIGN(. != 0 ? 32 / 8 : 1);
}
_bss_end__ = . ; __bss_end__ = . ;
. = ALIGN(32 / 8);
. = SEGMENT_START("ldata-segment", .);
. = ALIGN(32 / 8);
__end__ = . ;
_end = .; PROVIDE (end = .);
. = DATA_SEGMENT_END (.);
/* Stabs debugging sections. */
.stab 0 : { *(.stab) }
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.debug_funcnames 0 : { *(.debug_funcnames) }
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/* DWARF 3 */
.debug_pubtypes 0 : { *(.debug_pubtypes) }
.debug_ranges 0 : { *(.debug_ranges) }
/* DWARF Extension. */
.debug_macro 0 : { *(.debug_macro) }
.gnu.attributes 0 : { KEEP (*(.gnu.attributes)) }
.note.gnu.arm.ident 0 : { KEEP (*(.note.gnu.arm.ident)) }
/DISCARD/ : { *(.note.GNU-stack) *(.gnu_debuglink) *(.gnu.lto_*) }
}
==================================================
leon@netview:~$ 3.举例
源码
/***************************************************
* Function :
* Author : leon
* Creat Date : 2017/09/05 16:2:48
* Description : gcc -Wall -T ./cmd.lds -o cmd cmd.c
* In-Parameter :
* Return :
* Modify :
**************************************************/
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
struct cmd_tbl_s {
char *name; /* Command Name */
int maxargs; /* maximum number of arguments */
int repeatable; /* autorepeat allowed? */
/* Implementation function */
int (*cmd)(struct cmd_tbl_s *, int, int, char *[]);
char *usage; /* Usage message (short) */
char *help; /* Help message (long) */
};
typedef struct cmd_tbl_s cmd_tbl_t;
#define Struct_Section __attribute__ ((unused,section (".u_boot_cmd")))
#define U_BOOT_CMD(name,maxargs,rep,cmd,usage,help) \
cmd_tbl_t __u_boot_cmd_##name Struct_Section = {#name, maxargs, rep, cmd, usage, help}
static int do_bootm (cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag, int argc, char *argv[])
{
printf("\n\r========= (%s) =========\n\r",__func__);
printf("usage:\n\r%s\n\r",cmdtp->usage);
printf("help:\n\r%s\n\r",cmdtp->help);
printf("\n\r========= (%s) =========\n\r",__func__);
return 0;
}
U_BOOT_CMD(
bootm, 16, 1, do_bootm,
"bootm - boot application image from memory\n",
"[addr [arg ...]] - boot application image stored in memory\n\r"
"passing arguments 'arg ...'; when booting a Linux kernel,\n\r"
"'arg' can be the address of an initrd image\n\r"
);
static int do_hello (cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp, int flag, int argc, char *argv[])
{
printf("\n\r========= (%s) =========\n\r",__func__);
printf("usage:\n\r%s\n\r",cmdtp->usage);
printf("help:\n\r%s\n\r",cmdtp->help);
printf("\n\r========= (%s) =========\n\r",__func__);
return 0;
}
U_BOOT_CMD(
hello, 16, 1, do_hello,
"hello - show hello\n",
"show hello help\n"
);
extern cmd_tbl_t __u_boot_cmd_start;
extern cmd_tbl_t __u_boot_cmd_end;
static cmd_tbl_t *find_cmd (const char *cmd)
{
cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp;
cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp_temp = &__u_boot_cmd_start; /*Init value */
const char *p;
int len;
int n_found = 0;
/*
* Some commands allow length modifiers (like "cp.b");
* compare command name only until first dot.
*/
len = ((p = strchr(cmd, '.')) == NULL) ? strlen (cmd) : (p - cmd);
for (cmdtp = &__u_boot_cmd_start;
cmdtp != &__u_boot_cmd_end;
cmdtp++) {
if (strncmp (cmd, cmdtp->name, len) == 0) {
if (len == strlen (cmdtp->name))
return cmdtp; /* full match */
cmdtp_temp = cmdtp; /* abbreviated command ? */
n_found++;
}
}
if (n_found == 1) { /* exactly one match */
return cmdtp_temp;
}
return NULL; /* not found or ambiguous command */
}
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
cmd_tbl_t *cmdtp;
if (argc != 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <cmd>\n", argv[0]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
cmdtp = find_cmd(argv[1]);
if(!cmdtp)
{
fprintf(stderr, "cmd: %s not find.\n", argv[1]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
cmdtp->cmd(cmdtp,0,argc,argv);
return 0;
}脚本 (该例子改编自uboot)
/* Script for -z combreloc: combine and sort reloc sections */
OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf32-i386", "elf32-i386",
"elf32-i386")
OUTPUT_ARCH(i386)
ENTRY(_start)
SEARCH_DIR("/usr/i686-linux-gnu/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib32"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib/i386-linux-gnu"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/local/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib/i386-linux-gnu"); SEARCH_DIR("=/lib"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu"); SEARCH_DIR("=/usr/lib");
SECTIONS
{
/* Read-only sections, merged into text segment: */
PROVIDE (__executable_start = SEGMENT_START("text-segment", 0x08048000)); . = SEGMENT_START("text-segment", 0x08048000) + SIZEOF_HEADERS;
.interp : { *(.interp) }
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*(.rel.got)
*(.rel.bss .rel.bss.* .rel.gnu.linkonce.b.*)
*(.rel.ifunc)
}
.rel.plt :
{
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PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__rel_iplt_start = .);
*(.rel.iplt)
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__rel_iplt_end = .);
}
.init :
{
KEEP (*(.init))
} =0x90909090
.plt : { *(.plt) *(.iplt) }
.text :
{
*(.text.unlikely .text.*_unlikely)
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PROVIDE (__etext = .);
PROVIDE (_etext = .);
PROVIDE (etext = .);
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.rodata1 : { *(.rodata1) }
.eh_frame_hdr : { *(.eh_frame_hdr) }
.eh_frame : ONLY_IF_RO { KEEP (*(.eh_frame)) }
.gcc_except_table : ONLY_IF_RO { *(.gcc_except_table
.gcc_except_table.*) }
/* These sections are generated by the Sun/Oracle C++ compiler. */
.exception_ranges : ONLY_IF_RO { *(.exception_ranges
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/* Adjust the address for the data segment. We want to adjust up to
the same address within the page on the next page up. */
. = ALIGN (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE)) - ((CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE) - .) & (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE) - 1)); . = DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN (CONSTANT (MAXPAGESIZE), CONSTANT (COMMONPAGESIZE));
/* Exception handling */
.eh_frame : ONLY_IF_RW { KEEP (*(.eh_frame)) }
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/* Thread Local Storage sections */
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PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_end = .);
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.init_array :
{
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_start = .);
KEEP (*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.init_array.*) SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.ctors.*)))
KEEP (*(.init_array))
KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtbegin.o *crtbegin?.o *crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .ctors))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_end = .);
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.fini_array :
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PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_end = .);
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.ctors :
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/* gcc uses crtbegin.o to find the start of
the constructors, so we make sure it is
first. Because this is a wildcard, it
doesn't matter if the user does not
actually link against crtbegin.o; the
linker won't look for a file to match a
wildcard. The wildcard also means that it
doesn't matter which directory crtbegin.o
is in. */
KEEP (*crtbegin.o(.ctors))
KEEP (*crtbegin?.o(.ctors))
/* We don't want to include the .ctor section from
the crtend.o file until after the sorted ctors.
The .ctor section from the crtend file contains the
end of ctors marker and it must be last */
KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .ctors))
KEEP (*(SORT(.ctors.*)))
KEEP (*(.ctors))
}
.dtors :
{
KEEP (*crtbegin.o(.dtors))
KEEP (*crtbegin?.o(.dtors))
KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .dtors))
KEEP (*(SORT(.dtors.*)))
KEEP (*(.dtors))
}
.jcr : { KEEP (*(.jcr)) }
.data.rel.ro : { *(.data.rel.ro.local* .gnu.linkonce.d.rel.ro.local.*) *(.data.rel.ro* .gnu.linkonce.d.rel.ro.*) }
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. = DATA_SEGMENT_RELRO_END (12, .);
.got.plt : { *(.got.plt) *(.igot.plt) }
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*(.data .data.* .gnu.linkonce.d.*)
SORT(CONSTRUCTORS)
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_edata = .; PROVIDE (edata = .);
. = .;
__u_boot_cmd_start = .;
.u_boot_cmd : { *(.u_boot_cmd) }
__u_boot_cmd_end = .;
__bss_start = .;
.bss :
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pad the .data section. */
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}
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. = ALIGN(32 / 8);
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.stab 0 : { *(.stab) }
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/* DWARF debug sections.
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/* DWARF 2 */
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/* SGI/MIPS DWARF 2 extensions */
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.debug_funcnames 0 : { *(.debug_funcnames) }
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/* DWARF 3 */
.debug_pubtypes 0 : { *(.debug_pubtypes) }
.debug_ranges 0 : { *(.debug_ranges) }
.gnu.attributes 0 : { KEEP (*(.gnu.attributes)) }
/DISCARD/ : { *(.note.GNU-stack) *(.gnu_debuglink) *(.gnu.lto_*) }
}4. linux内核类似实现方法
extern initcall_t __initcall_start[], __initcall_end[];
static void __init do_initcalls(void)
{
initcall_t *call;
int count = preempt_count();
for (call = __initcall_start; call < __initcall_end; call++) {
//省略...
result = (*call)();
//省略...
}
linux-2.6.24\include\linux\init.h
#define module_init(x) __initcall(x);
#define __initcall(fn) device_initcall(fn)
#define device_initcall(fn) __define_initcall("6",fn,6)
#define __define_initcall(level,fn,id) \
static initcall_t __initcall_##fn##id __attribute_used__ \
__attribute__((__section__(".initcall" level ".init"))) = fn
vmlinux.lds.S 脚本
/* ld script to make ARM Linux kernel
* taken from the i386 version by Russell King
* Written by Martin Mares <mj@atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz>
*/
#include <asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h>
#include <asm/thread_info.h>
#include <asm/memory.h>
OUTPUT_ARCH(arm)
ENTRY(stext)
#ifndef __ARMEB__
jiffies = jiffies_64;
#else
jiffies = jiffies_64 + 4;
#endif
SECTIONS
{
#ifdef CONFIG_XIP_KERNEL
. = XIP_VIRT_ADDR(CONFIG_XIP_PHYS_ADDR);
#else
. = PAGE_OFFSET + TEXT_OFFSET;
#endif
.text.head : {
_stext = .;
_sinittext = .;
*(.text.head)
}
.init : { /* Init code and data */
*(.init.text)
_einittext = .;
__proc_info_begin = .;
*(.proc.info.init)
__proc_info_end = .;
__arch_info_begin = .;
*(.arch.info.init)
__arch_info_end = .;
__tagtable_begin = .;
*(.taglist.init)
__tagtable_end = .;
. = ALIGN(16);
__setup_start = .;
*(.init.setup)
__setup_end = .;
__early_begin = .;
*(.early_param.init)
__early_end = .;
__initcall_start = .;
INITCALLS
__initcall_end = .;
__con_initcall_start = .;
*(.con_initcall.init)
__con_initcall_end = .;
__security_initcall_start = .;
*(.security_initcall.init)
__security_initcall_end = .;
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
. = ALIGN(32);
__initramfs_start = .;
usr/built-in.o(.init.ramfs)
__initramfs_end = .;
#endif
. = ALIGN(4096);
__per_cpu_start = .;
*(.data.percpu)
*(.data.percpu.shared_aligned)
__per_cpu_end = .;
#ifndef CONFIG_XIP_KERNEL
__init_begin = _stext;
*(.init.data)
. = ALIGN(4096);
__init_end = .;
#endif
}
/DISCARD/ : { /* Exit code and data */
*(.exit.text)
*(.exit.data)
*(.exitcall.exit)
#ifndef CONFIG_MMU
*(.fixup)
*(__ex_table)
#endif
}
.text : { /* Real text segment */
_text = .; /* Text and read-only data */
__exception_text_start = .;
*(.exception.text)
__exception_text_end = .;
TEXT_TEXT
SCHED_TEXT
LOCK_TEXT
#ifdef CONFIG_MMU
*(.fixup)
#endif
*(.gnu.warning)
*(.rodata)
*(.rodata.*)
*(.glue_7)
*(.glue_7t)
*(.got) /* Global offset table */
}
RODATA
_etext = .; /* End of text and rodata section */
#ifdef CONFIG_XIP_KERNEL
__data_loc = ALIGN(4); /* location in binary */
. = PAGE_OFFSET + TEXT_OFFSET;
#else
. = ALIGN(THREAD_SIZE);
__data_loc = .;
#endif
.data : AT(__data_loc) {
__data_start = .; /* address in memory */
/*
* first, the init task union, aligned
* to an 8192 byte boundary.
*/
*(.data.init_task)
#ifdef CONFIG_XIP_KERNEL
. = ALIGN(4096);
__init_begin = .;
*(.init.data)
. = ALIGN(4096);
__init_end = .;
#endif
. = ALIGN(4096);
__nosave_begin = .;
*(.data.nosave)
. = ALIGN(4096);
__nosave_end = .;
/*
* then the cacheline aligned data
*/
. = ALIGN(32);
*(.data.cacheline_aligned)
/*
* The exception fixup table (might need resorting at runtime)
*/
. = ALIGN(32);
__start___ex_table = .;
#ifdef CONFIG_MMU
*(__ex_table)
#endif
__stop___ex_table = .;
/*
* and the usual data section
*/
DATA_DATA
CONSTRUCTORS
_edata = .;
}
_edata_loc = __data_loc + SIZEOF(.data);
.bss : {
__bss_start = .; /* BSS */
*(.bss)
*(COMMON)
_end = .;
}
/* Stabs debugging sections. */
.stab 0 : { *(.stab) }
.stabstr 0 : { *(.stabstr) }
.stab.excl 0 : { *(.stab.excl) }
.stab.exclstr 0 : { *(.stab.exclstr) }
.stab.index 0 : { *(.stab.index) }
.stab.indexstr 0 : { *(.stab.indexstr) }
.comment 0 : { *(.comment) }
}
/*
* These must never be empty
* If you have to comment these two assert statements out, your
* binutils is too old (for other reasons as well)
*/
ASSERT((__proc_info_end - __proc_info_begin), "missing CPU support")
ASSERT((__arch_info_end - __arch_info_begin), "no machine record defined")vmlinux.lds.h 文件
#define INITCALLS \
*(.initcall0.init) \
*(.initcall0s.init) \
*(.initcall1.init) \
*(.initcall1s.init) \
*(.initcall2.init) \
*(.initcall2s.init) \
*(.initcall3.init) \
*(.initcall3s.init) \
*(.initcall4.init) \
*(.initcall4s.init) \
*(.initcall5.init) \
*(.initcall5s.init) \
*(.initcallrootfs.init) \
*(.initcall6.init) \
*(.initcall6s.init) \
*(.initcall7.init) \
*(.initcall7s.init)应用
module_init(init_ext2_fs)
module_exit(exit_ext2_fs)
module_init(init_jffs2_fs);
module_exit(exit_jffs2_fs);module_init(init_ext4_fs)
module_exit(exit_ext4_fs)
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