一、描述
设计模式中的享元模式,避免大量拥有相同内容的小类的开销(如耗费内存),使大家共享一个类(元类).
问题
在面向对象系统的设计何实现中,创建对象是最为常见的操作。这里面就有一个问题:如果一个应用程序使用了太多的对象,就会造成很大的存储开销。特别是对于大量轻量级(细粒度)的对象,比如在文档编辑器的设计过程中,我们如果为没有字母创建一个对象的话,系统可能会因为大量的对象而造成存储开销的浪费。例如一个字母“a”在文档中出现了100000 次,而实际上我们可以让这一万个字母“a”共享一个对象,当然因为在不同的位置可能字母“a”有不同的显示效果(例如字体和大小等设置不同),在这种情况我们可以为将对象的状态分为“外部状态”和“内部状态”,将可以被共享(不会变化)的状态作为内部状态存储在对象中,而外部对象(例如上面提到的字体、大小等)我们可以在适当的时候将外部对象最为参数传递给对象(例如在显示的时候,将字体、大小等信息传递给对象)。
其典型的结构图为:
可以从图 2-1 中看出,Flyweight 模式中有一个类似 Factory 模式的对象构造工厂
FlyweightFactory,当客户程序员(Client)需要一个对象时候就会向 FlyweightFactory 发出请求对象的消息 GetFlyweight()消息,FlyweightFactory 拥有一个管理、存储对象的“仓库”(或者叫对象池,vector 实现),GetFlyweight()消息会遍历对象池中的对象,如果已经存在则直接返回给 Client,否则创建一个新的对象返回给 Client。当然可能也有不想被共享的对象(例如结构图中的 UnshareConcreteFlyweight),但不在本模式的讲解范围,故在实现中不给出。
二、实例
如上所描述的信息,创建类图:
本人的工程目录:
注释:
main:客户程序员(Client)
FlyweightFactory:“仓库”(对象池),
Flyweight:对象池中的对象
ConcreteFlyweight:被共享的对象
代码:
仓库”(对象池):FlyweightFactory类
FlyweightFactory.h
- #ifndef __Flyweight__FlyweightFactory__
- #define __Flyweight__FlyweightFactory__
- #include <iostream>
- #include "Flyweight.h"
- #include <string>
- #include <vector>
- #include "ConcreteFlyweight.h"
- using std::cout;
- using std::endl;
- using std::string;
- using std::vector;
- class FlyweightFactory
- {
- public:
- FlyweightFactory();
- ~FlyweightFactory();
- Flyweight* GetFlyweight(const string &key);
- private:
- vector<Flyweight*> _fly;
- };
- #endif /* defined(__Flyweight__FlyweightFactory__) */
- #include "FlyweightFactory.h"
- FlyweightFactory::FlyweightFactory()
- {
- }
- FlyweightFactory::~FlyweightFactory()
- {
- }
- Flyweight* FlyweightFactory::GetFlyweight(const string &key)
- {
- vector<Flyweight*>::iterator it = _fly.begin();
- for (; it != _fly.end(); it++)
- {
- if ((*it)->GetIntrinsicState() == key)
- {
- cout<<"already created by users...."<<endl;
- return *it;
- }
- }
- Flyweight *fn = new ConcreteFlyweight(key);
- _fly.push_back(fn);
- return fn;
- }
对象池中的对象:Flyweight类
Flyweight.h
- #ifndef __Flyweight__Flyweight__
- #define __Flyweight__Flyweight__
- #include <iostream>
- #include <string>
- using std::string;
- class Flyweight
- {
- public:
- Flyweight(void);
- virtual ~Flyweight(void);
- virtual void Operation(const string& extrinsicState);
- string GetIntrinsicState();
- protected:
- Flyweight(string intrinsicState);
- private:
- string _intrinsicState;
- };
- #endif /* defined(__Flyweight__Flyweight__) */
- #include "Flyweight.h"
- Flyweight::Flyweight(void)
- {
- }
- Flyweight::Flyweight(string intrinsicState)
- {
- this->_intrinsicState = intrinsicState;
- }
- Flyweight::~Flyweight()
- {
- }
- void Flyweight::Operation(const string &extrinsicState)
- {
- }
- string Flyweight::GetIntrinsicState()
- {
- return this->_intrinsicState;
- }
被共享的对象:ConcreteFlyweight
ConcreteFlyweight.h
- #ifndef __Flyweight__ConcreteFlyweight__
- #define __Flyweight__ConcreteFlyweight__
- #include <iostream>
- #include "Flyweight.h"
- class ConcreteFlyweight:public Flyweight
- {
- public:
- ConcreteFlyweight(void);
- ConcreteFlyweight(string intrinsicState);
- ~ConcreteFlyweight();
- void Operation(const string& extrinsicState);
- };
- #endif /* defined(__Flyweight__ConcreteFlyweight__) */
- #include "ConcreteFlyweight.h"
- using std::cout;
- using std::endl;
- ConcreteFlyweight::ConcreteFlyweight(void)
- {
- }
- ConcreteFlyweight::ConcreteFlyweight(string intrinsicState)
- {
- cout<<"ConcreteFlyweight Build....."<<intrinsicState<<endl;
- }
- ConcreteFlyweight::~ConcreteFlyweight()
- {
- }
- void ConcreteFlyweight::Operation(const string &extrinsicState)
- {
- cout<<"ConcreteFlyweight:内蕴["<<this->GetIntrinsicState()<<"] 外 蕴["<<extrinsicState<<"]"<<endl;
- }
客户程序员(Client)
main.cpp
- #include <iostream>
- #include "Flyweight.h"
- #include "ConcreteFlyweight.h"
- #include "FlyweightFactory.h"
- using namespace std;
- int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
- {
- FlyweightFactory *fc = new FlyweightFactory();
- Flyweight* fw1 = fc->GetFlyweight("hello");
- Flyweight* fw2 = fc->GetFlyweight("world!");
- Flyweight* fw3 = fc->GetFlyweight("hello2");
- // insert code here...
- std::cout << "Hello, World!\n";
- return 0;
- }
结果如下: