R语言学习笔记（12）——数据帧

数据帧是表或二维阵列状结构，其中每一列包含一个变量的值，并且每一行包含来自每一列的一组值。
数据帧的特性

1. 列名称应为非空
2. 行名称应该唯一
3. 存储在数据帧中的数据可以是数字、因子或字符类型
4. 每个列应包含相同数量的数据帧

创建数据帧

示例：
输入：

# Create the data frame.
emp.data <- data.frame(
   emp_id = c (1:5), 
   emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"),
   salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25), 
   
   start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01", "2013-09-23", "2014-11-15", "2014-05-11",
      "2015-03-27")),
   stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)
# Print the data frame.			
print(emp.data) 

输出：

 emp_id    emp_name     salary     start_date
1     1     Rick        623.30     2012-01-01
2     2     Dan         515.20     2013-09-23
3     3     Michelle    611.00     2014-11-15
4     4     Ryan        729.00     2014-05-11
5     5     Gary        843.25     2015-03-27

注：
as.Date()函数：将字符串转换为规范的Date对象

获取数据帧的结构

使用str()函数可以看到数据帧的结构
示例：
输入：

# Create the data frame.
emp.data <- data.frame(
   emp_id = c (1:5), 
   emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"),
   salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25), 
   
   start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01", "2013-09-23", "2014-11-15", "2014-05-11",
      "2015-03-27")),
   stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)
# Get the structure of the data frame.
str(emp.data)

输出：

'data.frame':   5 obs. of  4 variables:
 $ emp_id    : int  1 2 3 4 5
 $ emp_name  : chr  "Rick" "Dan" "Michelle" "Ryan" ...
 $ salary    : num  623 515 611 729 843
 $ start_date: Date, format: "2012-01-01" "2013-09-23" "2014-11-15" "2014-05-11" ...

数据帧中的数据摘要

通过应用summary()函数获取数据的统计摘要和性质。
示例：
输入：

# Create the data frame.
emp.data <- data.frame(
   emp_id = c (1:5), 
   emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"),
   salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25), 
   
   start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01", "2013-09-23", "2014-11-15", "2014-05-11",
      "2015-03-27")),
   stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)
# Print the summary.
print(summary(emp.data))  

输出：

     emp_id    emp_name             salary        start_date        
 Min.   :1   Length:5           Min.   :515.2   Min.   :2012-01-01  
 1st Qu.:2   Class :character   1st Qu.:611.0   1st Qu.:2013-09-23  
 Median :3   Mode  :character   Median :623.3   Median :2014-05-11  
 Mean   :3                      Mean   :664.4   Mean   :2014-01-14  
 3rd Qu.:4                      3rd Qu.:729.0   3rd Qu.:2014-11-15  
 Max.   :5                      Max.   :843.2   Max.   :2015-03-27  

从数据帧提取数据

使用列名称提取特定列。

示例：
输入：

# Create the data frame.
emp.data <- data.frame(
   emp_id = c (1:5),
   emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"),
   salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25),
   
   start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01","2013-09-23","2014-11-15","2014-05-11",
      "2015-03-27")),
   stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)
# Extract Specific columns.
result <- data.frame(emp.data$emp_name,emp.data$salary)
print(result)

输出：

  emp.data.emp_name emp.data.salary
1              Rick          623.30
2               Dan          515.20
3          Michelle          611.00
4              Ryan          729.00
5              Gary          843.25

先提取两行，再提取所有列。

示例：
输入：

# Create the data frame.
emp.data <- data.frame(
   emp_id = c (1:5),
   emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"),
   salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25),
   
   start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01", "2013-09-23", "2014-11-15", "2014-05-11",
      "2015-03-27")),
   stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)
# Extract first two rows.
result <- emp.data[1:2,]
print(result)

输出：

  emp_id emp_name salary start_date
1      1     Rick  623.3 2012-01-01
2      2      Dan  515.2 2013-09-23

用第2和第4列提取第3和第5行

示例：
输入：

# Create the data frame.
emp.data <- data.frame(
   emp_id = c (1:5), 
   emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"),
   salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25), 
   
	start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01", "2013-09-23", "2014-11-15", "2014-05-11",
      "2015-03-27")),
   stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)

# Extract 3rd and 5th row with 2nd and 4th column.
result <- emp.data[c(3,5),c(2,4)]
print(result)

输出：

  emp_name start_date
3 Michelle 2014-11-15
5     Gary 2015-03-27

扩展数据帧

可通过添加列和行来扩展数据帧。

添加列

使用新的列名称添加列向量。
示例：
输入：

# Create the data frame.
emp.data <- data.frame(
   emp_id = c (1:5), 
   emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"),
   salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25), 
   
   start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01", "2013-09-23", "2014-11-15", "2014-05-11",
      "2015-03-27")),
   stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)

# Add the "dept" coulmn.
emp.data$dept <- c("IT","Operations","IT","HR","Finance")
v <- emp.data
print(v)

输出：

  emp_id emp_name salary start_date       dept
1      1     Rick 623.30 2012-01-01         IT
2      2      Dan 515.20 2013-09-23 Operations
3      3 Michelle 611.00 2014-11-15         IT
4      4     Ryan 729.00 2014-05-11         HR
5      5     Gary 843.25 2015-03-27    Finance

添加行

要将更多行永久添加到现有数据帧，我们需要引入与现有数据帧相同结构的新行，并使用rbind()函数。
在下面的示例中，我们创建一个包含新行的数据帧，并将其与现有数据帧合并以创建最终数据帧。
示例：
输入：

# Create the first data frame.
emp.data <- data.frame(
   emp_id = c (1:5), 
   emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"),
   salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25), 
   
   start_date = as.Date(c("2012-01-01", "2013-09-23", "2014-11-15", "2014-05-11",
      "2015-03-27")),
   dept = c("IT","Operations","IT","HR","Finance"),
   stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)

# Create the second data frame
emp.newdata <- 	data.frame(
   emp_id = c (6:8), 
   emp_name = c("Rasmi","Pranab","Tusar"),
   salary = c(578.0,722.5,632.8), 
   start_date = as.Date(c("2013-05-21","2013-07-30","2014-06-17")),
   dept = c("IT","Operations","Fianance"),
   stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)

# Bind the two data frames.
emp.finaldata <- rbind(emp.data,emp.newdata)
print(emp.finaldata)

输出：

  emp_id emp_name salary start_date       dept
1      1     Rick 623.30 2012-01-01         IT
2      2      Dan 515.20 2013-09-23 Operations
3      3 Michelle 611.00 2014-11-15         IT
4      4     Ryan 729.00 2014-05-11         HR
5      5     Gary 843.25 2015-03-27    Finance
6      6    Rasmi 578.00 2013-05-21         IT
7      7   Pranab 722.50 2013-07-30 Operations
8      8    Tusar 632.80 2014-06-17   Fianance