【面试】介绍B+树及其时间复杂度（中英）

中文版

B+树是一种广泛用于数据库和文件系统中的自平衡树数据结构。它是一种多路搜索树，通常用于存储有序数据，并允许高效的查找、插入和删除操作。B+树的特点如下：

1. 节点结构：每个节点可以包含多个键和指向子节点的指针。所有数据都存储在叶子节点中，内部节点仅存储键值用于导航。

2. 叶子节点链表：B+树的叶子节点之间通过指针连接，形成一个链表。这使得范围查询非常高效，因为可以直接从一个叶子节点遍历到下一个。

3. 自平衡：B+树通过分裂和合并节点来保持平衡，从而确保树的高度保持在较低水平，通常为 $O(\log n)$。

时间复杂度：

• 查找（Search）：在B+树中查找某个元素的时间复杂度为 $O(\log n)$，其中 $n$ 是树中存储的键的数量。由于树的高度较低，因此查找操作非常高效。
• 插入（Insert）：插入新元素的时间复杂度为 $O(\log n)$。在插入时，可能需要分裂节点以保持树的平衡。
• 删除（Delete）：删除元素的时间复杂度为 $O(\log n)$。在删除时，可能需要合并节点以保持树的平衡。
• 范围查询（Range Query）：由于叶子节点链表的存在，B+树的范围查询可以在 $O(\log n)$ 的时间内找到范围的起始点，然后以 $O(k)$ 的时间遍历 $k$ 个连续的叶子节点。

English Version

A B+ Tree is a self-balancing tree data structure widely used in databases and file systems. It is a type of multi-way search tree, typically used to store ordered data and allow efficient search, insertion, and deletion operations. The key characteristics of a B+ tree are as follows:

1. Node Structure: Each node can contain multiple keys and pointers to child nodes. All actual data is stored in the leaf nodes, while internal nodes only store keys for navigation.

2. Leaf Node Linked List: The leaf nodes of a B+ tree are linked together using pointers, forming a linked list. This feature makes range queries very efficient, as it allows direct traversal from one leaf node to the next.

3. Self-Balancing: The B+ tree maintains its balance by splitting and merging nodes, ensuring that the height of the tree remains low, typically $O(\log n)$.

Time Complexity:

• Search: The time complexity for searching an element in a B+ tree is $O(\log n)$, where $n$ is the number of keys stored in the tree. Due to the low height of the tree, search operations are very efficient.
• Insert: The time complexity for inserting a new element is $O(\log n)$. Insertion may require node splitting to maintain the balance of the tree.
• Delete: The time complexity for deleting an element is $O(\log n)$. Deletion may require node merging to maintain the balance of the tree.
• Range Query: Due to the linked list of leaf nodes, range queries in a B+ tree can find the starting point in $O(\log n)$ time and then traverse $k$ consecutive leaf nodes in $O(k)$ time.