继承是两个类之间的一种关系。当一个类A继承了一个已存在的类B后,类A就拥有了类B所有的非private的属性和方法,但同时,类A中还可以根据需要添加新的方法和属性。简单的说,继承就是创建一个新的类,并使这个类复制了一个已经存在的类,并在其基础上进行了拓展。一般会将被继承的类称为父类或超类,继承父类或超类的类称之为子类。
在JAVA语言中,一个类可以拥有多个子类,但是一个子类只能拥有一个父类。父类实际上是所有子类的公共属性的集合。而每一个子类则是父类的一个拓展或特殊化。
在面向对象的程序设计中,采用继承的机制来组织、设计系统中的类,可以使得程序结构清晰、降低编码和维护的工作量,同时可以提高程序的抽象程度,使之更加接近人类的思维方式,提高了程序开发的效率。
一.子类
在JAVA程序中,若要定义子类,就需要使用"extends"关键字。其语法格式如下所示:
class 子类名 extends 父类名
{
······; //类体: 包含属性和方法
}
“extends”表明要构造的新类(子类),是从一个已有的类(父类)衍生出来的。子类中继承了父类中非private的全部属性和方法,同时还可以定义新的属性的方法。
示例:
通过已有的Employee雇员类,创建Manager经理类,Nanager经理类继承了Employee雇员类,因此包含了雇员类所有的属性和方法,同时新定义的Manager经理类中,也包含了自身特有的属性和方法。
public class ExtendsDemo1 {
Employee e1,e2;
Manager m;
public ExtendsDemo1()
{
e1 = new Employee("LiuC",10000.00,"2005/05/20");
System.out.println("name:"+ e1.getName());
System.out.println("Salary:"+e1.getSalary());
System.out.println("HireDay:"+e1.getHireDay()+"\n");
e2 = new Employee("XuY",5000.00,"2005/05/10");
System.out.println("name:"+ e2.getName());
System.out.println("Salary:"+e2.getSalary());
System.out.println("HireDay:"+e2.getHireDay()+"\n");
m = new Manager("ZS",12000.00,"2004/06/25",4000.00,20);
System.out.println("name:"+ m.getName());
System.out.println("Salary:"+m.getSalary());
System.out.println("HireDay:"+m.getHireDay());
System.out.println("Bouns:"+m.getBonus());
System.out.println("Holidays:"+m.getHolidays()+"\n");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new ExtendsDemo1();
}
}
class Employee
{
String name;
double salary;
String hireDay;
public Employee(String name,double salary,String hireDay)
{
this.name=name;
this.salary=salary;
this.hireDay=hireDay;
System.out.println("I'm Employee");
}
public double getSalary()
{
return salary;
}
public String getHireDay()
{
return hireDay;
}
public String getName()
{
return name;
}
}
class Manager extends Employee
{
private double bonus; //奖金
private int holidays; //年假
public Manager(String name,double salary,String hireDay,double bonus,int holidays)
{
super(name,salary,hireDay);
this.bonus=bonus;
this.holidays=holidays;
System.out.println("I'm Manager");
}
public double getBonus()
{
return bonus;
}
public int getHolidays()
{
return holidays;
}
}
运行结果:
/*output:
I'm Employee
name:LiuC
Salary:10000.0
HireDay:2005/05/20
I'm Employee
name:XuY
Salary:5000.0
HireDay:2005/05/10
I'm Employee
I'm Manager
name:ZS
Salary:12000.0
HireDay:2004/06/25
Bouns:4000.0
Holidays:20
*///~
二.覆盖父类中的方法
使用继承的过程中,可以实现方法的重载。方法重载实现了对同一个方法名的复用,自身存在于父类和子类之间,当父类的一个方法在它的子类中重新获得定义时,若该方法的方法名、参数、返回值类型均不变,只有方法体发生了变化时,就称为子类的方法重载了父类的方法。
示例:创建Manager经理类,该类继承了Employee雇员类,同时在Manager类中,使用方法重载,重新定义Employee类中的getInfo()和getSalary()方法。
public class ExtendsDemo2{
Employee e1,e2;
Manager m;
public ExtendsDemo2()
{
e1 = new Employee("LiuC",10000.00,"2005/05/20");
System.out.println("name:"+ e1.getName());
e1.getInfo();
System.out.println("Salary:"+e1.getSalary());
System.out.println("HireDay:"+e1.getHireDay()+"\n");
e2 = new Employee("XuY",5000.00,"2005/05/10");
System.out.println("name:"+ e2.getName());
e2.getInfo();
System.out.println("Salary:"+e2.getSalary());
System.out.println("HireDay:"+e2.getHireDay()+"\n");
m = new Manager("ZS",12000.00,"2004/06/25",4000.00,20);
System.out.println("name:"+ m.getName());
m.getInfo();
System.out.println("Salary:"+m.getSalary());
System.out.println("HireDay:"+m.getHireDay());
System.out.println("Bouns:"+m.getBonus());
System.out.println("Holidays:"+m.getHolidays()+"\n");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new ExtendsDemo2();
}
}
class Employee
{
String name;
double salary;
String hireDay;
public Employee(String name,double salary,String hireDay)
{
this.name=name;
this.salary=salary;
this.hireDay=hireDay;
}
public void getInfo()
{
System.out.println("I'm Employee");
}
public double getSalary()
{
return salary;
}
public String getHireDay()
{
return hireDay;
}
public String getName()
{
return name;
}
}
class Manager extends Employee
{
private double bonus; //奖金
private int holidays; //年假
public Manager(String name,double salary,String hireDay,double bonus,int holidays)
{
super(name,salary,hireDay);
this.bonus=bonus;
this.holidays=holidays;
}
public double getSalary()
{
System.out.print("Manager salary is");
return salary;
}
public void getInfo()
{
System.out.println("I'm Manager");
}
public double getBonus()
{
return bonus;
}
public int getHolidays()
{
return holidays;
}
}
运行结果:
/*output:
name:LiuC
I'm Employee
Salary:10000.0
HireDay:2005/05/20
name:XuY
I'm Employee
Salary:5000.0
HireDay:2005/05/10
name:ZS
I'm Manager
Manager salary isSalary:12000.0
HireDay:2004/06/25
Bouns:4000.0
Holidays:20
*///~