装饰模式指的是在不必改变原类文件和使用继承的情况下,动态地扩展一个对象的功能。它是通过创建一个包装对象,也就是装饰来包裹真实的对象。
角色
抽象构件角色(Component):具体构件类和抽象装饰者类的共同父类。
具体构件角色(ConcreteComponent):抽象构件的子类,装饰者类可以给它增加额外的职责。
装饰角色(Decorator):抽象构件的子类,具体装饰类的父类,用于给具体构件增加职责,但在子类中实现。
具体装饰角色(ConcreteDecorator):具体装饰类,定义了一些新的行为,向构件类添加新的特性。
代码实现
public abstract class Drink {
public String des;//描述
private float price = 0.0f;
public String getDes() {
return des;
}
public void setDes(String des) {
this.des = des;
}
public float getPrice() {
return price;
}
public void setPrice(float price) {
this.price = price;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Drink [des=" + des + ", price=" + price + "]";
}
public Drink(String des, float price) {
super();
this.des = des;
this.price = price;
}
public Drink() {
super();
}
//计算费用的抽象方法
//子类进行实现
public abstract float cost();
}
public class Decorator extends Drink{
private Drink obj;
public Decorator(Drink obj) {
this.obj = obj;
}
@Override
public float cost() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return super.getPrice() + obj.cost();
}
@Override
public String getDes() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return des + " "+ getPrice() + "&&" + obj.getDes();
}
}
//调味品
public class Chocolate extends Decorator{
public Chocolate(Drink obj) {
super(obj);
setDes("巧克力");
setPrice(3.0f);
}
}
public class Milk extends Decorator{
public Milk(Drink obj) {
super(obj);
setDes("牛奶");
setPrice(2.0f);
}
}
public class Soy extends Decorator{
public Soy(Drink obj) {
super(obj);
setDes("豆浆");
setPrice(2.f);
}
}
public class Coffee extends Drink{
@Override
public float cost() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return super.getPrice();
}
}
public class DesCaf extends Coffee{
public DesCaf() {
setDes("无因咖啡");
setPrice(1.0f);
}
}
public class Espresso extends Coffee{
public Espresso(){
setDes("意大利咖啡");
setPrice(6.0f);
}
}
public class LongBlack extends Coffee{
public LongBlack() {
setDes("longblack");
setPrice(5.0f);
}
}
//客户端调用
public class CoffeeBar {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//装饰着模式订单
//点一份longblack
Drink order = new LongBlack();
System.out.println("描述1= "+order.getDes());
System.out.println("费用1= "+order.cost());
//加入一份牛奶
order = new Milk(order);
System.out.println("order 加入一份牛奶 描述2= "+order.getDes());
System.out.println("order 加入一份牛奶 费用2= "+order.cost());
order = new Chocolate(order);
System.out.println("order 加入一份牛奶 加入一份巧克力 描述3= "+order.getDes());
System.out.println("order 加入一份牛奶 加入一份巧克力 费用3= "+order.cost());
Drink order1 = new DesCaf();
System.out.println("描述1= "+order1.getDes());
System.out.println("费用1= "+order1.cost());
}
}
应用分析
通过装饰者模式实现咖啡价格计算的模型
Beverage 是抽象的饮料类,HousrBlend、DarkRoast、Espresso、Decaf 是具体的饮料类型,都继承了Beverage。CondimentDecorator 是抽象的配料类, Milk、Mocha、Soy、Whip是具体的配料,都继承了 CondimentDecorator 。CondimentDecorator 关联了一个 Beverage 类 ,可以对具体的饮料附加行为,从而达到新的目的。
CondimentDecorator 为什么要继承 Beverage 呢?
因为 CondimentDecorator 关联了需要加入配料的饮料,对饮料加入配料后,其本制上还是一种饮料,所以CondimentDecorator 需要继承 Beverage,也便于后续再次加入配料,保证其始终都是一种饮料。
为便于理解,可将 CondimentDecorator 理解为一种加入配料的饮料 。
Beverage 抽象类:
package headfirst.designpatterns.Decorator;
public abstract class Beverage {
// 每种饮料的描述:“名称,配料1,配料2...”
String description = "Unknown Beverage";
public String getDescription() {
return description;
}
// 每种类型饮料的价格不同,故定义为抽象方法
public abstract double cost();
}
DarkRoast类:
package headfirst.designpatterns.Decorator;
public class DarkRoast extends Beverage {
public DarkRoast() {
description = "Dark Roast";
}
@Override
public double cost() {
return .99;
}
}
Decaf 类:
package headfirst.designpatterns.Decorator;
public class Decaf extends Beverage {
public Decaf() {
description = "Decaf";
}
@Override
public double cost() {
return 1.05;
}
}
Espresso 类:
package headfirst.designpatterns.Decorator;
public class Espresso extends Beverage {
public Espresso() {
description = "Espresso";
}
@Override
public double cost() {
return 1.99;
}
}
HouseBlend 类:
package headfirst.designpatterns.Decorator;
public class HouseBlend extends Beverage {
public HouseBlend() {
description = "HouseBlend ";
}
@Override
public double cost() {
return 0.89;
}
}
CondimentDecorator 抽象类:
package headfirst.designpatterns.Decorator;
public abstract class CondimentDecorator extends Beverage {
// 因为每种配料对饮料的描述进行了附加的说明,所以每种饮料添加配料后,都需要重写 getDescription方法。
@Override
public abstract String getDescription();
}
Milk 类:
package headfirst.designpatterns.Decorator;
public class Milk extends CondimentDecorator {
// 关联了一种饮料,以便对附加新的行为
Beverage beverage;
public Milk(Beverage beverage) {
this.beverage = beverage;
}
// 附加新的行为,描述
@Override
public String getDescription() {
return beverage.getDescription() + ",Milk";
}
// 附加新的行为,价格
@Override
public double cost() {
return beverage.cost() + .10;
}
}
Mocha 类:
package headfirst.designpatterns.Decorator;
public class Mocha extends CondimentDecorator {
Beverage beverage;
public Mocha(Beverage beverage) {
this.beverage = beverage;
}
@Override
public String getDescription() {
return beverage.getDescription() + ",Mocha";
}
@Override
public double cost() {
return beverage.cost() + .20;
}
}
Soy类:
package headfirst.designpatterns.Decorator;
public class Soy extends CondimentDecorator {
Beverage beverage;
public Soy(Beverage beverage) {
this.beverage = beverage;
}
@Override
public String getDescription() {
return beverage.getDescription() + ",Soy";
}
@Override
public double cost() {
return beverage.cost() + .15;
}
}
Whip 类:
package headfirst.designpatterns.Decorator;
public class Whip extends CondimentDecorator {
Beverage beverage;
public Whip(Beverage beverage) {
this.beverage = beverage;
}
@Override
public String getDescription() {
return beverage.getDescription() + ",Whip";
}
@Override
public double cost() {
return beverage.cost() + .10;
}
}
Test 类:
package headfirst.designpatterns.Decorator;
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 创建 Beverage 饮料,不加配料。
Beverage espresso = new Espresso();
System.out.println(espresso.getDescription() +" " + espresso.cost());
// 创建 DarkRoast 饮料,加配料 Mocha、Mocha、Whip。
Beverage darkRoast = new DarkRoast();
darkRoast = new Mocha(darkRoast);
darkRoast = new Mocha(darkRoast);
darkRoast = new Whip(darkRoast);
System.out.println(darkRoast.getDescription()+ " " + darkRoast.cost());
// 创建 HouseBlend 饮料,加配料 Soy、Mocha、Whip。
Beverage houseBlend = new HouseBlend();
houseBlend = new Soy(houseBlend);
houseBlend = new Mocha(houseBlend);
houseBlend = new Whip(houseBlend);
System.out.println(houseBlend.getDescription()+ " "+houseBlend.cost());
}
}
输出结果
Espresso 1.99
Dark Roast,Mocha,Mocha,Whip 1.49
HouseBlend ,Soy,Mocha,Whip 1.34
优点
通过组合而非继承的方式,动态地扩展一个对象的功能,在运行时可以选择不同的装饰器从而实现不同的功能。
有效的避免了使用继承的方式扩展对象功能而带来的灵活性差、子类无限制扩张的问题。
具体组件类与具体装饰类可以独立变化,用户可以根据需要新增具体组件类跟装饰类,在使用时在对其进行组合,原有代码无须改变,符合"开闭原则"。
缺点
这种比继承更加灵活机动的特性,也同时意味着更加多的复杂性。
装饰模式会导致设计中出现许多小类 (I/O 类中就是这样),如果过度使用,会使程序变得很复杂。
装饰模式是针对抽象组件(Component)类型编程。但是,如果你要针对具体组件编程时,就应该重新思考你的应用架构,以及装饰者是否合适。