select 之子查询

子查询

什么是子查询？

出现在其它语句内部的select语句称之为子查询语句或内部查询
内部嵌套其它select语句的查询，称之为外查询或者主查询

注意事项

子查询要包含在括号内
将子查询放在比较条件的右侧
单行操作符对应单行子查询，多行操作符对应多行子查询

分类：
按子查询出现的位置：
	select后面：
		仅仅支持标量子查询
	
	from后面：
		支持表子查询
	where或having后面：★
		标量子查询（单行） √
		列子查询  （多行） √
		
		行子查询
		
	exists后面（相关子查询）
		表子查询
按结果集的行列数不同：
	标量子查询（结果集只有一行一列）
	列子查询（结果集只有一列多行）
	行子查询（结果集有一行多列）
	表子查询（结果集一般为多行多列）

一、where或having后面

1、标量子查询（单行子查询）
2、列子查询（多行子查询）
3、行子查询（多列多行）

特点

1 子查询放在小括号内()
2 子查询一般放在条件的右侧
3：标量子查询，一般搭配着单行操作符使用 >, <, >=, <=,=, <>大于，小于，大于等于，小于等于，等于，不等于
4： 列子查询一般搭配着多行操作符使用 in,and ,all
5： 子查询的执行优先于主查询执行，主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果

标量子查询（单行子查询）

#案例1：谁的工资比 Abel 高?

#①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'

#②查询员工的信息，满足 salary>①结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(

	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE last_name = 'Abel'

);

#案例2：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名，job_id 和工资

#①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141

#②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143

#③查询员工的姓名，job_id 和工资，要求job_id=①并且salary>②

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
	SELECT job_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id = 141
) AND salary>(
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id = 143

);


#案例3：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

#①查询公司的 最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees

#②查询last_name,job_id和salary，要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
);


#案例4：查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

#①查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT  MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50

#②查询每个部门的最低工资

SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id

#③ 在②基础上筛选，满足min(salary)>①
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT  MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id = 50


);

#非法使用标量子查询

SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
	SELECT  salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id = 250


);

列子查询（多行子查询）★

返回多行
使用多行比较操作符

**多行比较操作符 **

any 只能用在外部查询不能使用在子查询内部 any是内部任意的值都满足 相当于 min（） 如果是 a >any(1,2,3) 就可以写成 a > min(1)
all相当于满足内部的最大的值， 可以理解为:max() 如果a >all (1,2,3) 可以写成 a > max(3)

#案例1：返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名

#①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)

#②查询员工姓名，要求部门号是①列表中的某一个

SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id  <>ALL(
	SELECT DISTINCT department_id
	FROM departments
	WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)


);


#案例2：返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
案例分析： 因为只要查询其它的部门中的员工薪资要低于 任意一个为”IT_PROG“的员工的薪资要用到any多行查询
#①查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资

SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'

#②查询员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary，salary<(①)的任意一个
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(
	SELECT DISTINCT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'

) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';

#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
	SELECT MAX(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'

) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';


#案例3：返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工   的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary  



SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
	SELECT DISTINCT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'

) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';

#或

SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
	SELECT MIN( salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'

) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';

select后面

案例：查询每个部门的员工个数


SELECT d.*,(

	SELECT COUNT(*)
	FROM employees e
	WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`
 ) 个数
 FROM departments d;
 
 
 #案例2：查询员工号=102的部门名
 
SELECT (
	SELECT department_name,e.department_id
	FROM departments d
	INNER JOIN employees e
	ON d.department_id=e.department_id
	WHERE e.employee_id=102
	
) 部门名;

from后面

#案例：查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
#①查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id


SELECT * FROM job_grades;


#②连接①的结果集和job_grades表，筛选条件平均工资 between lowest_sal and highest_sal

SELECT  ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
FROM (
	SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;  内部的子查询使用了函数之后 要起别名不然外部无法调用

使用连接查询查询上述的
select AVG(salary),job_grades.grade_level  from 
	employees e inner join job_grades 
	on 
		e.salary between job_grades.lowest_sal 
		and job_grades.highest_sal 
		group by e.department_id

exists后面（相关子查询）

语法：
exists(完整的查询语句)
结果：
1或0

 exists后面（相关子查询）
#案例1：查询有员工的部门名

-- 连接查询
SELECT
	d.department_name 
FROM
	departments d
	JOIN employees e ON d.department_id = e.department_id 
WHERE
	e.department_id IS NOT NULL 
GROUP BY
	d.department_id;


-- in
SELECT
	d.department_name 
FROM
	departments d 
WHERE
	d.department_id IN ( SELECT department_id FROM employees )
	
-- 	exists
SELECT
	d.department_name 
FROM
	departments d 
WHERE
	EXISTS ( SELECT department_id FROM employees e WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id )


#案例2：查询没有女朋友的男神信息

#in

SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
	SELECT boyfriend_id
	FROM beauty
)

#exists
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
	SELECT boyfriend_id
	FROM beauty b
	WHERE bo.`id`=b.`boyfriend_id`

);

Practices

#1.	查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资

#①查询Zlotkey的部门
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey'

#②查询部门号=①的姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (
	SELECT department_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey'

)

#2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号，姓名和工资。

#①查询平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees

#②查询工资>①的员工号，姓名和工资。

SELECT last_name,employee_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(

	SELECT AVG(salary)
	FROM employees
);



#3.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资
-- 解析：每个部门都有一个平均薪资 所以要先求出每个部门的平均薪资然后放做一个表 然后和emplyees表关联

#①查询各部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id

#②连接①结果集和employees表，进行筛选
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary,e.department_id
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN (
	SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id


) ag_dep
ON e.department_id = ag_dep.department_id
WHERE salary>ag_dep.ag ;



#4.	查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
#①查询姓名中包含字母u的员工的部门

SELECT  DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%'

#②查询部门号=①中的任意一个的员工号和姓名
SELECT last_name,employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
	SELECT  DISTINCT department_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%'
);



-- 连表查询 
select e.employee_id , e.last_name from employees e join (select department_id from employees where last_name like "%u%" group by department_id) m on e.department_id = m.department_id   
-- 因为每个部门会有多个团员工所以查询的员工所在的部门要分组


#5. 查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号

#①查询location_id为1700的部门

SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments 
WHERE location_id  = 1700


#②查询部门号=①中的任意一个的员工号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id =ANY(
	SELECT DISTINCT department_id
	FROM departments 
	WHERE location_id  = 1700

);

-- 连接查询
select employee_id,last_name from employees e join (select department_id from departments where location_id =1700 ) d on e.department_id = d.department_id


#6.查询管理者是King的员工姓名和工资

#①查询姓名为king的员工编号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name  = 'K_ing'

#②查询哪个员工的manager_id = ①
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN(
	SELECT employee_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE last_name  = 'K_ing'

);

-- 使用连接查询
-- 连接查询
select e.last_name, e.salary from employees e join employees m 
on e.manager_id = m.employee_id  where m.last_name= 'K_ing'



#7.查询工资最高的员工的姓名，要求first_name和last_name显示为一列，列名为 姓.名


#①查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees

#②查询工资=①的姓.名

SELECT CONCAT(first_name,last_name) "姓.名"
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
	SELECT MAX(salary)
	FROM employees

);