【C++】学习笔记草稿版系列1（C到C++类型安全增强）

C++ doesn’t like type transformation and point.

//C++
char *p = (char *)malloc(100); // malloc -> void*

C uses 0 and 1 to demonstrate false and true.
C doesn’t have string type and boolean type, while C++ has.
C++ doesn’t needs typedef.

//C++
enum BOOL
{ 
    FALSE, TRUE 
};

BOOL m = False;

Real enumeration.
The enumeration in C does not reach its reputation.

//C
enum DAY
{
    Mon, Tue, Wed
}；

int main()
{   
    enum Day today;
    today = 100;
    return 0;
}

The compiler will not report any error in C.
However, it will report error in C++, which means real enumeration.
枚举当作宏使用
C++尽量不要用宏，能用const和枚举代替的尽量用这两个代替。

enum
{
    spr = 0, sum, autu, win
};

//C
int main()
{   
    int a, b = 10;
    a = b = 100;
    // first 100->b
    // b -> a

    (a = b) = 100;// ERROR, 表达式可以赋值但是不可以被赋值
}

int main()
{
    int a, b;
    int c = (a = 10) + (b = 40) \\ c= 50
}

//C++

int main()
{
    int a, b = 5;
    a = b = 100; // a = 100, b = 100

    a = 5; b = 5;
    (a = b) = 100; // b -> a  100 -> a
    // 表达式可以被赋值，运算符重载

    a = 5; b = 5;
    (a!=b?a:b) = 1000; // a = 1000, b = 5
}

cin cout 类对象， 具有和scanf和sprinf（函数）相同的功能

//C++
int main()
{
    char name[30];
    //scanf("%s", name); //不安全
    cin>>name;//流输入运算符（重载,一词多义，决定于语境），不安全
    printf("name = %s\n", name);
}

string a;
cout<<a.max_size()<<endl;
cin>>a; // 安全，你有多大脚，我有多大鞋

int a; int b;

cin >>a>>b; // cin>>a; cin>>b; 仅表示先后顺序
cout<<a<<b<<endl;

cin, cout 格式问题
设定宽度

# include <iostream>
# include <iomanip>
int main()
{
    int a = 12345; float b = 1234.567;

    cout<<setw(8)<<a<<endl;
    return 0;
}

设定对齐格式

# include <iostream>
# include <iomanip>
int main()
{
    int a = 12345; float b = 1234.567;

    cout<<setiosflags(ios::left)<<setw(8)<<a<<endl;//设置左对齐
    return 0;
}

实现给定小数位和有效数字

# include <iostream>
# include <iomanip>
int main()
{
    int a = 12345; float b = 1234.567;

    cout<<setprecision(2)<<setiosflags(ios::fixed)<<setw(8)<<b<<endl;
    return 0;
}

进制

# include <iostream>
# include <iomanip>
int main()
{
    int a = 12345; float b = 1234.567;

    printf("%x\n", a);
    printf("%o\n", a);
    printf("%d\n", a);

    cout<<hex<<a<<endl;
    cout<<oct<<a<<endl;
    cout<<hex<<a<endl
    return 0;
}

设置填充符

    cout<<setfill('x')<<setw(10)<<a<<endl;
    cout<<setfill('x')<<setiosflags(ios::left)<<setw(10)<<a<<endl;