目录
前言
我们在做自动化测试的时候,大家都是希望自己写的代码越简洁越好,代码重复量越少越好。那么,我们可以考虑将request的请求类型(如:Get、Post、Delect请求)都封装起来。这样,我们在编写用例的时候就可以直接进行请求了。
1. 源码分析
我们先来看一下Get、Post、Delect等请求的源码,看一下它们都有什么特点。
(1)Get请求源码
def get(self, url, **kwargs):r"""Sends a GET request. Returns :class:`Response` object.:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :rtype: requests.Response """kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)return self.request('GET', url, **kwargs) 复制代码
(2)Post请求源码
def post(self, url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):r"""Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object.:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-likeobject to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.:param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.:rtype: requests.Response"""return self.request('POST', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs) 复制代码
(3)Delect请求源码
def delete(self, url, **kwargs): r"""Sends a DELETE request. Returns :class:`Response` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. :rtype: requests.Response """ return self.request('DELETE', url, **kwargs)复制代码
(4)分析结果
我们发现,不管是Get请求、还是Post请求或者是Delect请求,它们到最后返回的都是request函数。那么,我们再去看一看request函数的源码。
def request(self, method, url, params=None, data=None, headers=None, cookies=None, files=None, auth=None, timeout=None, allow_redirects=True, proxies=None, hooks=None, stream=None, verify=None, cert=None, json=None): """Constructs a :class:`Request <Request>`, prepares it and sends it. Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object. :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`. :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`. :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'filename': file-like-objects`` for multipart encoding upload. :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth. :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple :param allow_redirects: (optional) Set to True by default. :type allow_redirects: bool :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and hostname to the URL of the proxy. :param stream: (optional) whether to immediately download the response content. Defaults to ``False``. :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``. :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair. :rtype: requests.Response """ # Create the Request. req = Request( method=method.upper(), url=url, headers=headers, files=files, data=data or {}, json=json, params=params or {}, auth=auth, cookies=cookies, hooks=hooks, ) prep = self.prepare_request(req) proxies = proxies or {} settings = self.merge_environment_settings( prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert ) # Send the request. send_kwargs = { 'timeout': timeout, 'allow_redirects': allow_redirects, } send_kwargs.update(settings) resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs) return resp 复制代码
从request源码可以看出,它先创建一个Request,然后将传过来的所有参数放在里面,再接着调用self.send(),并将Request传过去。这里我们将不再分析后面的send等方法的源码了,有兴趣的同学可以自行了解。
分析完源码之后发现,我们可以不需要单独在一个类中去定义Get、Post等其他方法,然后在单独调用request。其实,我们直接调用request即可。
2. requests请求封装
代码示例:
import requestsclass RequestMain: def __init__(self): """ session管理器 requests.session(): 维持会话,跨请求的时候保存参数 """ # 实例化session self.session = requests.session() def request_main(self, method, url, params=None, data=None, json=None, headers=None, **kwargs): """ :param method: 请求方式 :param url: 请求地址 :param params: 字典或bytes,作为参数增加到url中 :param data: data类型传参,字典、字节序列或文件对象,作为Request的内容 :param json: json传参,作为Request的内容 :param headers: 请求头,字典 :param kwargs: 若还有其他的参数,使用可变参数字典形式进行传递 :return: """ # 对异常进行捕获 try: """ 封装request请求,将请求方法、请求地址,请求参数、请求头等信息入参。 注 :verify: True/False,默认为True,认证SSL证书开关;cert: 本地SSL证书。如果不需要ssl认证,可将这两个入参去掉 """ re_data = self.session.request(method, url, params=params, data=data, json=json, headers=headers, cert=(client_crt, client_key), verify=False, **kwargs) # 异常处理 报错显示具体信息 except Exception as e: # 打印异常 print("请求失败:{0}".format(e)) # 返回响应结果 return re_dataif __name__ == '__main__': # 请求地址 url = '请求地址' # 请求参数 payload = {"请求参数"} # 请求头 header = {"headers"} # 实例化 RequestMain() re = RequestMain() # 调用request_main,并将参数传过去 request_data = re.request_main("请求方式", url, json=payload, headers=header) # 打印响应结果 print(request_data.text) 复制代码
注 :如果你调的接口不需要SSL认证,可将cert与verify两个参数去掉。
3. 总结
本文只是简单的介绍了Python接口自动化之request请求封装,后期还有许多优化的地方,希望和大家一起来探讨。