自动装配与兼容性

自动装配的概念

• 1)手动装配：以value或ref的方式明确指定属性值都是手动装配。
• 2)自动装配：根据指定的装配规则，不需要明确指定，Spring自动将匹配的属性值注入bean中。

写几个类方便后续的测试：

public class Emp {
    private Integer eid;

    private String ename;

    private Car car;

    private Dept dept;

    public Integer getEid() {
        return eid;
    }

    public void setEid(Integer eid) {
        this.eid = eid;
    }

    public String getEname() {
        return ename;
    }

    public void setEname(String ename) {
        this.ename = ename;
    }

    public Car getCar() {
        return car;
    }

    public void setCar(Car car) {
        this.car = car;
    }

    public Dept getDept() {
        return dept;
    }

    public void setDept(Dept dept) {
        this.dept = dept;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Emp{" +
                "eid=" + eid +
                ", ename='" + ename + '\'' +
                ", car=" + car +
                ", dept=" + dept +
                '}';
    }
}

public class Dept {
    private Integer did;
    private String dname;

    public Integer getDid() {
        return did;
    }

    public void setDid(Integer did) {
        this.did = did;
    }

    public String getDname() {
        return dname;
    }

    public void setDname(String dname) {
        this.dname = dname;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Dept{" +
                "did=" + did +
                ", dname='" + dname + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

public class Car {
    private Integer cid;

    private String cname;

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Car{" +
                "cid=" + cid +
                ", cname='" + cname + '\'' +
                '}';
    }

    public Integer getCid() {
        return cid;
    }

    public void setCid(Integer cid) {
        this.cid = cid;
    }

    public String getCname() {
        return cname;
    }

    public void setCname(String cname) {
        this.cname = cname;
    }
}

这里我们写一个配置文件并测试手动装配：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <bean id="emp" class="com.atguigu.spring.day02_Spring.Auto.Emp" >
        <property name="eid" value="1001"/>
        <property name="ename" value="亚索"/>
        <property name="car" ref="car"/>
        <property name="dept" ref="dept"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="car" class="com.atguigu.spring.day02_Spring.Auto.Car">
        <property name="cid" value="10010"/>
        <property name="cname" value="兰博基尼"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="dept" class="com.atguigu.spring.day02_Spring.Auto.Dept">
        <property name="did" value="10086"/>
        <property name="dname" value="管理组"/>
    </bean>
</beans>

测试：

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("auto.xml");
        Emp emp = ac.getBean("emp", Emp.class);
        System.out.println(emp);
    }
}

输出结果：

装配模式

• 1)根据类型自动装配：将类型匹配的bean作为属性注入到另一个bean中。若IOC容器中有多个与目标bean类型一致的bean，Spring将无法判定哪个bean最合适该属性，所以不能执行自动装配。向上兼容，可以赋值给其父类或者接口。

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <bean id="emp" class="com.atguigu.spring.day02_Spring.Auto.Emp" autowire="byType">
        <property name="eid" value="1001"/>
        <property name="ename" value="亚索"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="car1" class="com.atguigu.spring.day02_Spring.Auto.Car">
        <property name="cid" value="10010"/>
        <property name="cname" value="兰博基尼"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="dept1" class="com.atguigu.spring.day02_Spring.Auto.Dept">
        <property name="did" value="10086"/>
        <property name="dname" value="管理组"/>
    </bean>
</beans>

这里是byType，目标的bean的id名称可不与属性名一致

• 2)根据名称自动装配：必须将目标bean的名称和属性名设置的完全相同
  

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <bean id="emp" class="com.atguigu.spring.day02_Spring.Auto.Emp" autowire="byName">
        <property name="eid" value="1001"/>
        <property name="ename" value="亚索"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="car" class="com.atguigu.spring.day02_Spring.Auto.Car">
        <property name="cid" value="10010"/>
        <property name="cname" value="兰博基尼"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="dept" class="com.atguigu.spring.day02_Spring.Auto.Dept">
        <property name="did" value="10086"/>
        <property name="dname" value="管理组"/>
    </bean>
</beans>

测试：

• 3)通过构造器自动装配：当bean中存在多个构造器时，此种自动装配方式将会很复杂。不推荐使用。

相对于使用注解的方式实现的自动装配，在XML文档中进行的自动装配略显笨拙，在项目中更多的使用注解的方式实现。