目录
4.5 运算符重载
运算符重载概念:对已有的运算符重新进行定义,赋予其另一种功能,以适应不同的数据类型。
4.5.1 加号运算符重载
作用:实现两个自定义数据类型相加的运算。
operator+ 的简化写法就是 +。
- 有三种重载方法:
1.成员函数重载+号,Person operator+(Person& p)
2.全局函数重载+号,Person operator+(Person& p1, Person& p2)
3.函数重载的版本,Person operator+(int num),Person operator+(Person& p1, int num)
- 总结:
对于内置的数据类型的表达式的运算符是不可能改变的。
不要滥用运算符重载。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
class Person
{
public:
int m_A;
int m_B;
// 通过自己写成员函数,实现两个对象相加属性后返回新的对象
Person PersonAddPerson(Person& p)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = this->m_A + p.m_A;
temp.m_B = this->m_B + p.m_B;
return temp;
}
// 编译器给起了一个通用的名称 operator+
// 1.成员函数重载+号
Person operator+(Person& p)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = this->m_A + p.m_A;
temp.m_B = this->m_B + p.m_B;
return temp;
}
函数重载的版本
//Person operator+(int num)
//{
// Person temp;
// temp.m_A = this->m_A + num;
// temp.m_B = this->m_B + num;
// return temp;
//}
};
2.全局函数重载+号
//Person operator+(Person& p1, Person& p2)
//{
// Person temp;
// temp.m_A = p1.m_A + p2.m_A;
// temp.m_B = p1.m_B + p2.m_B;
// return temp;
//}
// 函数重载的版本
Person operator+(Person& p1, int num)
{
Person temp;
temp.m_A = p1.m_A + num;
temp.m_B = p1.m_B + num;
return temp;
}
void test01 (void)
{
Person p1;
p1.m_A = 10;
p1.m_B = 20;
Person p2;
p2.m_A = 30;
p2.m_B = 40;
Person p3 = p1.PersonAddPerson(p2);
cout << "p3.m_A = " << p3.m_A << endl;
cout << "p3.m_B = " << p3.m_B << endl << endl;
// 成员函数重载本质调用
Person p4 = p1.operator+(p2);
// 全局函数重载本质调用
//Person p4 = operator+(p1, p2);
cout << "p4.m_A = " << p4.m_A << endl;
cout << "p4.m_B = " << p4.m_B << endl << endl;
// 简化形式
Person p5 = p1 + p2;
cout << "p5.m_A = " << p5.m_A << endl;
cout << "p5.m_B = " << p5.m_B << endl << endl;
// 运算符重载,也可以发生函数重载
Person p6 = p1 + 100; // Person + int
cout << "p6.m_A = " << p6.m_A << endl;
cout << "p6.m_B = " << p6.m_B << endl << endl;
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
p3.m_A = 40
p3.m_B = 60
p4.m_A = 40
p4.m_B = 60
p5.m_A = 40
p5.m_B = 60
p6.m_A = 110
p6.m_B = 120
请按任意键继续. . .
4.5.2 左移运算符重载
作用:可以输出自定义的类型。
形如 cout << a << endl;
利用成员函数 左移运算符 p.operator<<(cout) 简化版本 p << cout
不能利用成员函数重载<<运算符,因为无法实现 cout在左侧。
如果要达成 cout << 对象,由于类中的成员函数调用,对象只能在左侧,所以只能利用全局函数重载左移运算符。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
class Person
{
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person& p);
public:
Person(int a, int b)
{
m_A = a;
m_B = b;
}
private:
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
// 只能利用全局函数重载左移运算符
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person& p)
{
out << "m_A = " << p.m_A << " m_B = " << p.m_B;
return out;
}
void test01 (void)
{
Person p1(10, 20);
Person p2(30, 40);
cout << p1 << endl << p2 << "Hello world!" << endl;
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------
m_A = 10 m_B = 20
m_A = 30 m_B = 40Hello world!
请按任意键继续. . .
4.5.3 递增运算符重载
作用:通过重载递增运算符,实现自己的整型数据。
重载前置++运算符、后置++运算符。
总结:前置递增返回的是引用,后置递增返回的是值。
注意:ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person& p);
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person p);他俩cout的输入参数不一样,用错了会报错。
前置递增重载:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
class Person
{
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person& p);
//friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person p);
public:
Person(int a, int b)
{
m_A = a;
m_B = b;
}
// 重载前置++运算符 返回引用为了一直对一个数据进行递增操作
Person& operator++()
{
m_A++;
return *this;
}
// 重载后置++运算符
Person operator++(int) // int代表占位参数,可以用于区分前置和后置递增
{
Person temp = *this;
m_A++;
return temp;
}
private:
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
// 只能利用全局函数重载左移运算符
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person& p)
{
out << "m_A = " << p.m_A << " m_B = " << p.m_B;
return out;
}
//ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person p)
//{
// out << "m_A = " << p.m_A << " m_B = " << p.m_B;
// return out;
//}
void test01 (void)
{
Person p1(10, 20);
Person p2(30, 40);
cout << ++p1 << endl << p2 << "Hello world!" << endl;
cout << p1 << endl << endl;
}
//void test02()
//{
// Person p1(10, 20);
// cout << p1++ << endl;
// cout << p1 << endl << endl;
//}
int main() {
test01();
//test02();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
m_A = 11 m_B = 20
m_A = 30 m_B = 40Hello world!
m_A = 11 m_B = 20
请按任意键继续. . .
后置递增的重载:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
class Person
{
//friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person& p);
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person p);
public:
Person(int a, int b)
{
m_A = a;
m_B = b;
}
// 重载前置++运算符 返回引用为了一直对一个数据进行递增操作
Person& operator++()
{
m_A++;
return *this;
}
// 重载后置++运算符
Person operator++(int) // int代表占位参数,可以用于区分前置和后置递增
{
Person temp = *this;
m_A++;
return temp;
}
private:
int m_A;
int m_B;
};
只能利用全局函数重载左移运算符
//ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person& p)
//{
// out << "m_A = " << p.m_A << " m_B = " << p.m_B;
// return out;
//}
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, Person p)
{
out << "m_A = " << p.m_A << " m_B = " << p.m_B;
return out;
}
void test01 (void)
{
Person p1(10, 20);
Person p2(30, 40);
cout << ++p1 << endl << p2 << "Hello world!" << endl;
cout << p1 << endl << endl;
}
void test02()
{
Person p1(10, 20);
cout << p1++ << endl;
cout << p1 << endl << endl;
}
int main() {
test01();
test02();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
m_A = 11 m_B = 20
m_A = 30 m_B = 40Hello world!
m_A = 11 m_B = 20
m_A = 10 m_B = 20
m_A = 11 m_B = 20
请按任意键继续. . .
4.5.4 赋值运算符重载
C++编译器至少给一个类添加4个函数:
- 1. 默认构造函数(无参,函数体为空)
- 2. 默认析构函数(无参,函数体为空)
- 3. 默认拷贝构造函数,对属性进行值拷贝
- 4. 赋值运算符 operator=,对属性进行值拷贝
如果类中有属性指向堆区,做赋值操作时也会出现深浅拷贝问题。
注意:加了析构,释放堆区内存,但如果没有重载赋值运算符,程序会崩溃
return *this; 是为了可以形成 p1 = p2 = p3 链式结构。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
class Person
{
public:
Person(int a)
{
m_A = new int(a);
}
~Person()
{
if (m_A != NULL)
{
delete m_A;
m_A = NULL;
}
}
// 重载赋值运算符
Person& operator=(Person &p)
{
// 编译器提供的是浅拷贝
// m_A = p.m_A;
// 先判断释放有属性在堆内存,如果有先释放干净,然后再深拷贝
if (m_A != NULL)
{
delete m_A;
m_A = NULL;
}
// 深拷贝
m_A = new int(*p.m_A);
// 返回对象本身
return *this;
}
int *m_A;
};
void test01 (void)
{
Person p1(10);
Person p2(20);
p2 = p1;
Person p3(18);
p1 = p2 = p3;
cout << *p1.m_A << endl;
cout << *p2.m_A << endl;
cout << *p3.m_A << endl;
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------
18
18
18
请按任意键继续. . .
4.5.5 关系运算符重载
作用:重载关系运算符,可以让两个自定义类型对象进行对比操作
示例:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
class Person
{
public:
Person(string str, int age)
{
m_Name = str;
m_Age = age;
}
bool operator==(Person &p)
{
if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
return true;
else return false;
}
bool operator!=(Person& p)
{
if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age)
return false;
else return true;
}
string m_Name;
int m_Age;
};
void test01 (void)
{
Person p1("XiaoMing", 18);
Person p2("XiaoMing", 18);
if (p1 == p2)
cout << "p1 p2 相等" << endl;
else cout << "p1 p2 不等" << endl;
if (p1 != p2)
cout << "p1 p2 不等" << endl;
else cout << "p1 p2 相等" << endl;
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
p1 p2 相等
p1 p2 相等
请按任意键继续. . .
4.5.6 函数调用运算符重载
- 函数调用运算符()也可以重载
- 由于重载后使用的方式非常像函数的调用,因此称为仿函数
- 仿函数没有固定写法,非常灵活
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
class MyPrint
{
public:
void operator()(string text)
{
cout << text << endl;
}
};
void test01 (void)
{
MyPrint myPrint;
myPrint("Hello World!");
}
class MyAdd
{
public:
int operator()(int v1, int v2)
{
return v1 + v2;
}
};
void test02()
{
MyAdd myAdd;
int ret = myAdd(100, 100);
cout << "ret = " << ret << endl;
// 匿名对象调用
cout << "MyAdd()(100,100) = " << MyAdd()(100, 100) << endl;
}
int main() {
test01();
test02();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hello World!
ret = 200
MyAdd()(100,100) = 200
请按任意键继续. . .
相关教程
- 开发环境搭建:Visual Studio 2019 C++开发环境搭建
- 推荐视频:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1et411b73Z?from=search&seid=4205594350351753444
- 已投币三连,非常细致的视频教程,感谢up主。