python_(2)_矩阵运算

矩阵

$m\times n$ 矩阵

$$\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 2\\ 3& 4\\ 5& 6\\ 7& 8\end{array}\right]$$

import numpy as np
A = np.array([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6],[7,8]])
print(A)
print(A.shape)

[[1 2]
 [3 4]
 [5 6]
 [7 8]]
(4, 2)

方阵

行数和列数相等的一类矩阵，称为方阵
阶数：行数或者列数

$$\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1& 1& 1& 1\\ 2& 2& 2& 2\\ 3& 3& 3& 3\\ 4& 4& 4& 4\end{array}\right]$$

import numpy as np
A = np.array([[1,1,1,1],[2,2,2,2],[3,3,3,3],[4,4,4,4]])
print(A)
print(A.shape)

[[1 1 1 1]
 [2 2 2 2]
 [3 3 3 3]
 [4 4 4 4]]
(4, 4)

矩阵的转置

行和列上的元素进行位置互换，新矩阵称为原始矩阵的转置矩阵，记为 $A^T$

$$A=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1& 2& 3& 4\\ 5& 6& 7& 8\end{array}\right]$$

$$A^T=\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 5\\ 2& 6\\ 3& 7\\ 4& 8\end{array}\right]$$

import numpy as np
A = np.array([[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]])
print("原始矩阵：")
print(A)
print("转置矩阵：")
print(A.T)

原始矩阵：
[[1 2 3 4]
 [5 6 7 8]]
转置矩阵：
[[1 5]
 [2 6]
 [3 7]
 [4 8]]

对称矩阵

原矩阵与转置后新矩阵相等，前置矩阵是方阵
$S_{ij}=S_{ji}$

$$A=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1& 2& 3& 4\\ 2& 5& 6& 7\\ 3& 6& 8& 9\\ 4& 7& 9& 0\end{array}\right]$$

$$A^T(对称矩阵)=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}1& 2& 3& 4\\ 2& 5& 6& 7\\ 3& 6& 8& 9\\ 4& 7& 9& 0\end{array}\right]$$

import numpy as np
A = np.array([[1,2,3,4],[2,5,6,7],[3,6,8,9],[4,7,9,0]])
print("原始矩阵：")
print(A)
print("转置矩阵：")
print(A.T)

原始矩阵：
[[1 2 3 4]
 [2 5 6 7]
 [3 6 8 9]
 [4 7 9 0]]
转置矩阵：
[[1 2 3 4]
 [2 5 6 7]
 [3 6 8 9]
 [4 7 9 0]]

零矩阵 np.zeros()

所有元素都是0的矩阵
$$O=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right]$$

import numpy as np
A = np.zeros([5,3])
print(A)
print(A.shape)

[[0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0.]]
(5, 3)

对角矩阵 np.diag()

非对角线位置上矩阵的元素全部都是0，这种矩阵称为对角矩阵
$$\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 2& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 3& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 4& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 5\end{array}\right]$$

import numpy as np
A = np.diag([1,2,3,4,5])
print(A)
print(A.shape)

[[1 0 0 0 0]
 [0 2 0 0 0]
 [0 0 3 0 0]
 [0 0 0 4 0]
 [0 0 0 0 5]]
(5, 5)

单位矩阵 np.eye()

指对角位置上的元素都是1，其余元素均是0的特殊矩阵
$$I=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}1& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 1& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$$

import numpy as np
I = np.eye(5)
print(I)
print(I.shape)

[[1. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 1. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 1. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 1. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 0. 1.]]
(5, 5)

矩阵的加法

参与计算的两个矩阵对应位置上的元素分别进行相加，才能得到最终结果的矩阵

$$\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 2\\ 3& 4\\ 5& 6\end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{cc}10& 20\\ 30& 40\\ 50& 60\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}11& 22\\ 33& 44\\ 55& 66\end{array}\right]$$

import numpy as np
A = np.array([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]])
B = np.array([[10,20],[30,40],[50,60]])
print(A+B)

[[11 22]
 [33 44]
 [55 66]]

矩阵的数量乘法

参与运算的标量数字分别与矩阵的每一个元素相乘，得到结果矩阵对应的新元素
$$2\times \left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 4\\ 2& 5\\ 3& 6\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}2& 8\\ 4& 10\\ 6& 12\end{array}\right]$$

import numpy as np
A = np.array([[1,4],[2,5],[3,6]])
print(2*A)

[[ 2  8]
 [ 4 10]
 [ 6 12]]

矩阵与矩阵的乘法 np.dot()

$$\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 2\\ 3& 4\\ 5& 6\\ 7& 8\end{array}\right]\times \left[\begin{array}{cccc}2& 3& 4& 5\\ 6& 7& 8& 9\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}14& 17& 20& 23\\ 30& 37& 44& 51\\ 46& 57& 68& 79\\ 62& 77& 92& 107\end{array}\right]$$

import numpy as np
A = np.array([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6],[7,8]])
B = np.array([[2,3,4,5],[6,7,8,9]])
print(np.dot(A,B))

[[ 14  17  20  23]
 [ 30  37  44  51]
 [ 46  57  68  79]
 [ 62  77  92 107]]

矩阵乘以向量

矩阵的每行和列向量的对应元素分别相乘之后再进行相加
$$\left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 2\\ 3& 4\\ 5& 6\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}4\\ 5\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}1\times 4+2\times 5\\ 3\times 4+4\times 5\\ 5\times 4+6\times 5\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}14\\ 32\\ 50\end{array}\right]$$

import numpy as np
A = np.array([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]])
x = np.array([[4,5]]).T
print(np.dot(A,x))

[[14]
 [32]
 [50]]

求解线性方程组

$$\{\begin{array}{rl}{x}_1+2x_2+3x_3& =14\\ x_1-x_2+4x_3& =11\\ 2x_1+3x_2-x_3& =5\end{array}$$

import numpy as np
from scipy import linalg
A = np.array([[1,2,3],[1,-1,4],[2,3,-1]])
y = np.array([14,11,5])
x = linalg.solve(A,y)
print(x)

[1. 2. 3.]