Notes on Python Basics -Day 5

List comprehension

Author: Denny YU
Created

Target1:理解并掌握使用List Comprehension

Techs you will learn:

• loops and map()
• 比较comprehensions、循环和map()
• 为表达式添加逻辑条件
• 使用表达式替代filter():
• 性能相关问题

1.如何创建列表

• For loops

  1.创建一个空列表，2. 循环遍历可迭代对象或者range对象所有元素， 3. append()方法将元素添加至列表的末尾

  >>> a=[]
  >>> for i in range(10):
  			a.append(i)
  >>> a  
  [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
  

  2.List comprehension

  >>> a=[x for x in range(10)]
  >>> a  
  [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
  

  3.使用map()对象

  map()基于函数式编程是一种可替代的方法，用法为map(function, Iterable)创建一个map对象, function是作用在Iterable的每个元素上的。map()对象是一个Iterator (迭代器)

  >>> txns=[1.09,23.56,57.84,4.56,6.78]
  >>> TAX_RATE=.08
  >>> def get_price_with_tax(X):
  ... 	return X*(1+TAX_RATE)
  ... 
  >>> final_prices = map(get_price_with_tax,txns)
  >>> list(final_prices)
  [1.1772000000000002, 25.4448, 62.467200000000005, 4.9248, 7.322400000000001]
  >>> list(final_prices)
  []
  

  使用lambda表达式加map()

  >>> a1=map(lambda x: x*x if x%2 ==0 else x,range(10))
  >>> [e for e in a1]
  [0, 1, 4, 3, 16, 5, 36, 7, 64, 9]
  

2. List Comprehension更进阶的用法

• 使用简单逻辑条件

  # 添加if
  >>> [x for x in range(10) if x%2==0]
  [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
  ## 添加if else
  >>> [x if x%2==0 else x*2 for x in range(10)]
  [0, 2, 2, 6, 4, 10, 6, 14, 8, 18]
  

• 使用更加复杂的逻辑条件,可以在列表推导式外面写一个更加复杂的函数

  >>> def change_number(x):
  	if x==0:
  		x=1 
  	elif x==1:
  		x=2  
  	elif x==2:
  		x=3
  	elif x==3:
  		x=4  
  	else:
  		x=5
  	return x
  >>> a=[change_number(x) for x in range(9)] 
  >>> a
  [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5]
  

• 使用Set 和Dictionary Comprehensions

  Set表达式用法和list表达式十分相似但是最终的结果去除了重复的元素,注意集合是无序的

  >>> {x for x in list(range(10))*2}
  {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
  >>> quote = "life, uh, finds a way"
  >>> unique_vowels = {i for i in quote if i in 'aeiou'}
  >>> unique_vowels
  {'u', 'i', 'a', 'e'}
  

• 使用dictionary comprehension

  >>> squares = {i:i**i for i in range(8)}
  >>> squares
  {0: 1, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 27, 4: 256, 5: 3125, 6: 46656, 7: 823543}
  

  >>> x=("name","age","job",'class')
  >>> y=("jing",18,'student','Chem-02')
  >>> {i:j for i,j in zip(x,y)}
  {'name': 'jing', 'age': 18, 'job': 'student', 'class': 'Chem-02'}
  

• Walrus Operator 代替filter功能

  假设需要通过API发出五个请求返回温度值, 但是只需要在温度大于20摄氏度时返回，返回的值时该温度的两倍值，否则返回“***”，则

  >>> y=['shanghai','beijing','chongqing','guangzhou','nanjing']
  >>> x=[34,25,36,40,20]
  >>> [a*2  if(a:=i[0])>20 else '***' for i in zip(x,y)]
  [68, 50, 72, 80, '***']
  

3. 嵌套的列表表达式

• 嵌套的表达式

  列表嵌套在字典内

  >>> cities = ['shanghai','beijing','chongqing','changchun','nanchang']
  >>> temps={city:[0 for i in range(len(cities))] for city in cities}
  >>> temps
  {'shanghai': [0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 'beijing': [0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 'chongqing': [0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 'changchun': [0, 0, 0, 0, 0], 'nanchang': [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]}
  

  列表嵌套在列表内(注意for 循环的运行顺序)

  [x for x in range(5) for y in range(10)]	右边是内循环左边外循环
  [[x for y in range(10)] for x in range(5)]	右边外循环左边内循环

  >>> [x for x in range(2) for y in range(3)]
  [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1]
  >>> [x for y in range(2) for x in range(3)]
  [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]
  >>> [[x for y in range(3)] for x in range(2)]
  [[0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1]]
  

  有嵌套也可以flatten

  >>> a=[[x for y in range(3)] for x in range(2)]
  >>> a   
  [[0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1]]
  >>> flat=[num for x in a for num in x ]
  >>> flat   
  [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1]
  

4. map,Loops和list comprehension运行效率的比较

一般map>comprehensions>Loops

import random
import timeit
TAX_RATE = .08
txns = [random.randrange(100) for i in range(10000)]

def get_price(txn):
	return txn*(1+TAX_RATE)

def get_price_with_map():
	return list(map(get_price, txns)) 

def get_price_with_map1():
	return list(map(lambda x:x*(1+TAX_RATE), txns))

def get_price_with_comprehension():
	return [get_price(txn) for txn in txns]

def get_price_with_loop():
	prices = []
	for txn in txns:
		prices.append(get_price(txn))
	return prices

print(timeit.timeit(get_price_with_map,number=1000))##timeit 运行1000次的时间之和
print(timeit.timeit(get_price_with_map1,number=1000))
print(timeit.timeit(get_price_with_comprehension,number=1000))
print(timeit.timeit(get_price_with_loop,number=1000))
输出：0.9589426000000001
输出：1.0550914
输出：1.2540461
输出：1.6051032999999997