一、Oracle 表空间
一个数据库可以有多个表空间,一个表空间里可以有多个表。表空间就是存多个表的物理空间;
可以指定表空间的大小位置等。
1、创建表空间
create tablespace ts1 datafile 'C:\tablespace\ts1.dbf' size 50M;
2、自动扩展大小
create tablespace ts2 datafile 'C:\tablespace\ts2.dbf' size 50M autoextend on next 10M;
3、设置最大空间
create tablespace ts3 datafile 'C:\tablespace\ts3.dbf' size 50M autoextend on next 10M maxsize 1024M;
4、更改用户默认表空间
alter database default tablespace ts1;
5、表空间改名
alter tablespace ts1 rename to tss1;
6、删除表空间
drop tablespace ts2 including contents and datafiles;
7、Oracle 虚拟表dual表
Dual表是sys用户下的一张虚表;提供一些运算和日期操作时候用到;
select sysdate from dual;
二、Oracle序列
1、创建序列
create sequence 序列名称;
重要属性: 序列名称.currval 当前值 nextval 下一个值
指定初始值: start with xx
2、序列属性
Minvalue:最大值 默认最小值1;
maxvalue:最小值 最大值 10的27次方
Increment by 属性 序列增长步长 默认值1
Cycle 设置循环; (了解即可,不使用);
Cache 缓存设置; 一次获取序列的多个连续值,默认20 ,放到内存中,方便下次快速获取;
三、Oracle表操作
1、插入insert语句
(1)给指定列插入数据
insert into dept(deptno,dname) values(50,'xx');
(2)插入全部列数据
insert into dept(deptno,dname,loc) values(60,'xx','lll');
简写 insert into dept values(70,'xxx','llll');
2、更新update语句
(1)更新指定数据
update dept set dname='司法部' where deptno=50;
update dept set dname='司法部' ,loc='china' where deptno=50;
3、删除delete语句
(1)删除指定数据
delete from dept where deptno=70;
(2)删除指定条件的数据
delete from dept where deptno>40;
4、查询select语句
(1)查询所有
select * from emp;
(2)指定字段查询
select ename,sal from emp;
(3)加where条件
select * from emp where sal>=800;
select * from emp where sal>=1500 and job='SALESMAN';
(4)Distinct去重复记录;
(5)Group by分组查询
select job,count(ename) as num from EMP t group by job;
(6)Having过滤分组
select job,count(ename) as num from EMP t group by job having count(ename)>=2;
(7)Order by 排序
select * from emp order by sal desc;
(8)子查询:查询出基本工资大于平均工资的员工
select * from emp where sal>(select avg(sal) from emp)
(9)联合查询:
①并集(去重复):
select * from t_user1
union
select * from t_user2;
②并集:
select * from t_user1
union all
select * from t_user2;
③交集:
select * from t_user1
intersect
select * from t_user2;
④差集:
select * from t_user1
minus
select * from t_user2;
⑤内连接:
select * from emp t,dept d where t.deptno=d.deptno;
类似
select * from emp e inner join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno;
inner可以省略;
⑥外连接:
Ⅰ.左外连接
select * from emp e left join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno;
Ⅱ.右外连接
select * from emp e right join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno;
四、Oracle数据类型及函数
1、字符串类型及函数
字符类型分3种,char(n) 、varchar(n)、varchar2(n) ;
char(n)固定长度字符串,假如长度不足n,右边空格补齐;
varchar(n)可变长度字符串,假如长度不足n,右边不会补齐;
varchar2(n)可变长度字符串,Oracle官方推荐使用,向后兼容性好;
char(n) VS varchar2(n) char(n)查询效率相对较高,varchar2(n)存储空间相对较小;
select length(userName) as charlength,length(password) as varchar2length from t_user3;
(1)lpad() 向左补全字符串
select lpad(stuno,6,'0') from t_user3;
(2)rpad() 向右补全字符串
select rpad(stuno,6,'0') from t_user3;
(3)lower() 返回字符串小写
select lower(userName) from t_user3;
(4)upper() 返回字符串大写
select upper(userName) from t_user3;
(5)initcap() 单词首字符大写
select initcap(userName) from t_user3;
(6)length() 返回字符串长度
select length(password) from t_user3;
(7)substr() 截取字符串
select substr(userName,1,2) from t_user3;
(8)instr() 获取字符串出现的位置
select instr(password,'23',2,2) from t_user3;
(9)ltrim() 删除左侧空格
select ltrim(userName) from t_user3;
(10)rtrim() 删除右侧空格
select rtrim(userName) from t_user3;
(11)trim() 删除两侧空格
select trim(userName) from t_user3;
(12)concat() 串联字符串
select concat(userName,password) from t_user3;
(13)reverse() 反转字符串
select reverse(userName) from t_user3;
2、数值类型及函数
number是oracle中的数据类型;number(precision,scale);
Precision,scale 均可选;
Precision代表精度,sacle代表小数位的位数;Precision范围[1,38] scale范围[-84,127]
举例: 12345.678 Precision是8 scale是3;
常用方法
(1)abs() 求绝对值
select abs(n1) from t_number where id=1;
(2)round() 四舍五入
select round(n1,2) from t_number where id=1;
(3)ceil() 向上取整
select ceil(n1) from t_number where id=2;
(4)floor 向下取整
select floor(n1) from t_number where id=2;
(5)Mod()取模
select mod(5,3) from dual;
(6)Sign()正负性
select sign(n1) from t_number where id=1;
(7)Sqrt() 求平方根
select sqrt(9) from dual;
(8)Power()求乘方
select power(2,3) from dual;
(9)Trunc()截取
select trunc(123.456,2) from dual;
(10)To_char() 格式化数值:常见的字符匹配有 0、9、,、$、FM、L、C
select to_char(123.45,'0000.000') from dual;
select to_char(123.45,'9999.999') from dual;
select to_char(123123,'99,999,999.99') from dual;
select to_char(123123.3,'FM99,999,999.99') from dual;
select to_char(123123.3,'$99,999,999.99') from dual;
select to_char(123123.3,'L99,999,999.99') from dual;
select to_char(123123.3,'99,999,999.99C') from dual;
3、日期类型及函数
Date和timestamp(时间戳)
Date包含信息 century(世纪信息) year 年 month 月 day 日 hour 小时 minute 分钟 second 秒
Timestamp 一般用于日期时间要求非常精确的情况,精确到毫秒级;
insert into t_date values(1,sysdate,systimestamp);
下面重点讲date类型的常用函数:
select sysdate from dual;
select systimestamp from dual;
(1)Add_months 添加月份
select add_months(d1,2) from t_date where id=1;
(2)Last_day 返回指定日期月份的最后一天
select last_day(d1) from t_date where id=1;
update t_date set d3=to_date('2016-12-20','YYYY-MM-DD') where id=1;
update t_date set d3=to_date('2016-12-20 18:31:34','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') where id=1;
(3)Months_between 返回两个日期的相差月数
select months_between(d1,d3) from t_date where id=1;
(4)next_day 返回特定日期之后的一周内的日期
select next_day(d1,2) from t_date where id=1;
(5)Trunc 截取日期
select trunc(d1,'YYYY') from t_date where id=1;
select trunc(d1,'MM') from t_date where id=1;
select trunc(d1,'DD') from t_date where id=1;
select trunc(d1,'HH') from t_date where id=1;
select trunc(d1,'MI') from t_date where id=1;
(6)Extract 返回日期的某个域
select extract(year from sysdate) from dual;
select extract(month from sysdate) from dual;
select extract(day from sysdate) from dual;
select extract(Hour from systimestamp) from dual;
select extract(minute from systimestamp) from dual;
select extract(second from systimestamp) from dual;
(7)To_char 将日期转换成字符串
select to_char(d1,'YYYY-MM-DD') from t_date where id=1;
select to_char(d1,'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') from t_date where id=1;