聊一聊自然语言理解

语义理解(NLU)仍然是学界的一个难题！给你一篇文章或者一个句子，人们在理解这些句子时，头脑中会进行上下文的搜索和知识联想。通常情况下，人在理解语义时头脑中会搜寻与之相关的知识。知识图谱的创始人人为，构成这个世界的是实体，而不是字符串，这从根本上改变了过去搜索的体系。语义理解其实是基于知识，概念和这些概念间的关系。人们在解答问题时，往往会讲述与这个问题相关的知识，这是语义理解的过程。这种机制完全不同于人对图像或者语音的认识。CNN在图像或者语音领域取得成果是不足为奇的，因为生物学家已经对人脑神经元在图像识别过程中的机制非常熟悉，但是对于人脑如何理解文字的神经元机制却知之甚少，所以导致了目前nlp语义理解方面进展非常缓慢。很多人尝试CNN引入nlp效果不佳，发现多层的CNN和单层的CNN几乎没有差别，原因得从人脑的神经元机制说起。生搬硬套是必然失败的！深度学习的本质并不是神经元层数多这么简单，能够从最基本的特征，逐层抽取出高阶特征，最后进行分类，这是深度学习取得成功的关键。
　　有一部分人质疑word2vector不是深度学习，说层数太浅达不到深度的级别，这是一种误解。word2vector是地地道道的深度学习，能够抽取出词的高阶特征。他的成功，关键是基于他的核心思想：相同语境出现的词语义相近。从第一层one-hot到embedding层，就是高阶特征抽取的过程。前面说过，层数多了不一定带来效果的提升。词embedding已经是高阶特征了，文字比图像要复杂很多，目前CNN在nlp中的引入，方向可能是错误的。必须深入研究人脑对文字理解的神经元机制，弄清楚生物学模型，然后才能从中抽象出数学模型，就像CNN一样，否则nlp不会有长足的进展。目前来看，LSTM以及Attention Model是比较成功的，但是仍然基于形式化的，对于深层语义仍然没有解决。
　　目前来看，深度学习算法LSTM,Attention Model等在nlp中的应用，仅限于上下文和词，句子向量。计算一下句子相似度，聚类之类的，要想真正让机器理解文字，还达不到。也就是说只在语义表示层做文章是远远不够的，底层的知识图谱是关键。Google提出的知识图谱是一种变革，nlp是一个完整的生态圈，从最底层的存储，GDB三元组(entry,relation,entry)，到上层的语义表示(这个阶段可以借助深度学习直接在语义层进行训练)，比如(head,relation,tail)三元组表示的图结构，表达了实体与实体间的关系，可以用深度学习训练出一个模型：h + r = t,获取语义表示。这样在预测时，得到了两个实体的语义表示，进行减法运算就可以知道两者的关系。这个不同于word2vector，但是还是有共性的。word2vector的CBOW就是训练x1 + x2 + …… = y这个模型。目前知网也在做这些事情。

　　语义表示是深度学习在nlp应用中的重中之重。之前在词embedding上word2vector获取了巨大成功，现在主要方向是由词embedding迁移到句子或者文章embedding。获取句子的embedding，之前的博客,siamese lstm已经有论述了，在2014~2015年间，国外的学者探索了各种方法，比如tree-lstm,convnet,skip-thougt,基于ma机构的siamese lstm来计算句子或者文章的相似度。目前从数据来看，基于ma结构的siamese lstm效果最好，最适应nlp的规律。在github上已经有了siamese lstm的实验，进一步改进可是基于BiLSTM,至于增加层数是否能够带来准确率的提升，有待于进一步论证，个人持中立态度。本文主要探讨word2vector。关于他的核心思想前面已经提到了，这是道的层面，具体推导，比如CBOW ,skip-gram的优化：negative sampleing和哈夫曼树softmax，这是术的层面。现在上传用tensorflow实现的word2vector代码：
　　data-helper.py:

import collections
import os
import random
import zipfile
import numpy as np
import urllib.request as request
import tensorflow as tf

url = 'http://mattmahoney.net/dc/'

def maybe_download(filename,expected_bytes):
    if not os.path.exists(filename):
        filename,_ = request.urlretrieve(url+filename,filename)
    statinfo = os.stat(filename)
    if statinfo.st_size == expected_bytes:
        print('Found and verified',filename)
    else:
        print(statinfo.st_size)
        raise Exception('Failed to verify' + filename + '.Can you get to it with a browser?')
    return filename

def read_data(filename):
    with zipfile.ZipFile(filename) as f:
        data = tf.compat.as_str(f.read(f.namelist()[0])).split()
    return data

vocabulary_size = 50000
def build_dataset(words):
    count = [['UNK',-1]]
    count.extend(collections.Counter(words).most_common(vocabulary_size - 1))
    dictionary = dict(zip(list(zip(*count))[0],range(len(list(zip(*count))[0]))))
    data = list()
    un_count = 0

    for word in words:
        if word in dictionary:
            index = dictionary[word]
        else:
            index = 0
            un_count += 1
        data.append(index)
    count[0][1] = un_count
    reverse_dictionary = dict(zip(dictionary.values(),dictionary.keys()))
    return data,reverse_dictionary,dictionary,count

data_index = 0
def generate_batch(data,batch_size,num_skips,skip_window):
    filename = maybe_download('text8.zip', 31344016)
    words = read_data(filename)
    global data_index
    assert num_skips <= 2 * skip_window
    assert batch_size % num_skips == 0
    span = 2 * skip_window + 1
    batch = np.ndarray(shape=[batch_size],dtype=np.int32)
    labels = np.ndarray(shape=[batch_size,1],dtype=np.int32)
    buffer = collections.deque(maxlen=span)
    #初始化
    for i in range(span):
        buffer.append(data[data_index])
        data_index = (data_index + 1) % len(data)
    #移动窗口，获取批量数据
    for i in range(batch_size // num_skips):
        target = skip_window
        avoid_target = [skip_window]
        for j in range(num_skips):
            while target in avoid_target:
                target = np.random.randint(0,span - 1)
            avoid_target.append(target)
            batch[i * num_skips + j] = buffer[skip_window]
            labels[i * num_skips + j,0] = buffer[target]

        buffer.append(data[data_index])
        data_index = (data_index + 1) % len(data)
    return batch,labels

w2vModel.py

import tensorflow as tf
import w2v.data_helper as da
import numpy as np
import math
filename = da.maybe_download(‘text8.zip’, 31344016)
words = da.read_data(“text8.zip”)
assert words is not None
data,reverse_dictionary,dictionary,count = da.build_dataset(words)

class config(object):
batch_size = 128
embedding_size = 128
skip_window = 1
num_skips = 2

valid_size = 16
valid_window = 100
valid_examples = np.random.choice(valid_window, valid_size, replace=False)
num_sampled = 64
vocabulary_size = 50000
num_steps = 10001

class w2vModel(object):
def init(self,config):
self.train_inputs = train_inputs = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[config.batch_size])
self.train_labels = train_labels = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[config.batch_size, 1])
self.valid_dataset = valid_dataset = tf.constant(config.valid_examples, dtype=tf.int32)

    with tf.device('/cpu:0'):
        embeddings = tf.Variable(
            tf.random_uniform(shape=[config.vocabulary_size, config.embedding_size], minval=-1.0, maxval=1.0))
        embed = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(embeddings, train_inputs)
        nce_weights = tf.Variable(
            tf.truncated_normal([config.vocabulary_size, config.embedding_size], stddev=1.0 / math.sqrt(config.embedding_size)))
        nce_bias = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([config.vocabulary_size]))

        loss = tf.reduce_mean(
            tf.nn.nce_loss(weights=nce_weights, biases=nce_bias, labels=train_labels, inputs=embed,
                           num_sampled=config.num_sampled, num_classes=config.vocabulary_size))
        optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(1.0).minimize(loss)
        norm = tf.sqrt(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(embeddings), 1, keep_dims=True))
        normalized_embeddings = embeddings / norm
        valid_embeddings = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(normalized_embeddings, valid_dataset)
        similarity = tf.matmul(valid_embeddings, normalized_embeddings, transpose_b=True)
        tf.add_to_collection("embedding",embeddings)
        self.saver = saver = tf.train.Saver(tf.global_variables())

w2vModel.py


import tensorflow as tf
import w2v.data_helper as da
import numpy as np
import math
#filename = da.maybe_download('text8.zip', 31344016)
words = da.read_data("text8.zip")
assert  words is not None
data,reverse_dictionary,dictionary,count = da.build_dataset(words)

class config(object):
    batch_size = 128
    embedding_size = 128
    skip_window = 1
    num_skips = 2

    valid_size = 16
    valid_window = 100
    valid_examples = np.random.choice(valid_window, valid_size, replace=False)
    num_sampled = 64
    vocabulary_size = 50000
    num_steps = 10001

class w2vModel(object):
    def __init__(self,config):
        self.train_inputs = train_inputs = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[config.batch_size])
        self.train_labels = train_labels = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[config.batch_size, 1])
        self.valid_dataset = valid_dataset = tf.constant(config.valid_examples, dtype=tf.int32)

        with tf.device('/cpu:0'):
            embeddings = tf.Variable(
                tf.random_uniform(shape=[config.vocabulary_size, config.embedding_size], minval=-1.0, maxval=1.0))
            embed = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(embeddings, train_inputs)
            nce_weights = tf.Variable(
                tf.truncated_normal([config.vocabulary_size, config.embedding_size], stddev=1.0 / math.sqrt(config.embedding_size)))
            nce_bias = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([config.vocabulary_size]))

            loss = tf.reduce_mean(
                tf.nn.nce_loss(weights=nce_weights, biases=nce_bias, labels=train_labels, inputs=embed,
                               num_sampled=config.num_sampled, num_classes=config.vocabulary_size))
            optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(1.0).minimize(loss)
            norm = tf.sqrt(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(embeddings), 1, keep_dims=True))
            normalized_embeddings = embeddings / norm
            valid_embeddings = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(normalized_embeddings, valid_dataset)
            similarity = tf.matmul(valid_embeddings, normalized_embeddings, transpose_b=True)
            tf.add_to_collection("embedding",embeddings)
            self.saver = saver = tf.train.Saver(tf.global_variables())