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<span style="font-size:18px;">快速排序由于排序效率在同为O(N*logN)的几种排序方法中效率较高,因此经常被采用,再加上快速排序思想----分治法也确实实用,因此很多软件公司的笔试面试,包括像腾讯,微软等知名IT公司都喜欢考这个,还有大大小的程序方面的考试如软考,考研中也常常出现快速排序的身影。</span><p><span style="font-size:18px;">总的说来,要直接默写出快速排序还是有一定难度的,因为本人就自己的理解对快速排序作了下白话解释,希望对大家理解有帮助,达到<strong><span style="font-size:24px;">快速排序,快速搞定</span></strong>。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">快速排序是C.R.A.Hoare于1962年提出的一种划分交换排序。它采用了一种分治的策略,通常称其为分治法(Divide-and-ConquerMethod)。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">该方法的基本思想是:</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">1.先从数列中取出一个数作为基准数。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">2.分区过程,将比这个数大的数全放到它的右边,小于或等于它的数全放到它的左边。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">3.再对左右区间重复第二步,直到各区间只有一个数。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">虽然快速排序称为分治法,但分治法这三个字显然无法很好的概括快速排序的全部步骤。因此我的对快速排序作了进一步的说明:<span style="font-size:24px;color:#ff0000;">挖坑填数+分治法</span>:</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">先来看实例吧,定义下面再给出(最好能用自己的话来总结定义,这样对实现代码会有帮助)。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">以一个数组作为示例,取区间第一个数为基准数。</span></p><table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">0</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">1</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">2</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">3</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">4</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">5</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">6</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">7</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">8</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">9</span></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;color:#ff0000;">72</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">6</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">57</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">88</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">60</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">42</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">83</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">73</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">48</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">85</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-size:18px;">初始时,i = 0; j = 9; X = a[i] = 72</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">由于已经将a[0]中的数保存到X中,可以理解成在数组a[0]上挖了个坑,可以将其它数据填充到这来。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">从j开始向前找一个比X小或等于X的数。当j=8,符合条件,将a[8]挖出再填到上一个坑a[0]中。a[0]=a[8]; i++; 这样一个坑a[0]就被搞定了,但又形成了一个新坑a[8],这怎么办了?简单,再找数字来填a[8]这个坑。这次从i开始向后找一个大于X的数,当i=3,符合条件,将a[3]挖出再填到上一个坑中a[8]=a[3]; j--;</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">数组变为:</span></p><table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">0</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">1</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">2</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">3</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">4</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">5</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">6</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">7</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">8</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">9</span></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;color:#cc33cc;">48</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">6</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">57</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;color:#ff0000;">88</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">60</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">42</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">83</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">73</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;color:#cc33cc;">88</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">85</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-size:18px;"> i = 3; j = 7; X=72</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">再重复上面的步骤,<strong>先从后向前找,再从前向后找</strong>。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">从j开始向前找,当j=5,符合条件,将a[5]挖出填到上一个坑中,a[3] = a[5]; i++;</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">从i开始向后找,当i=5时,由于i==j退出。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">此时,i = j = 5,而a[5]刚好又是上次挖的坑,因此将X填入a[5]。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">数组变为:</span></p><table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;background-color:rgb(204,255,255);">0</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;background-color:rgb(204,255,255);">1</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;background-color:rgb(204,255,255);">2</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;background-color:rgb(204,255,255);">3</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;background-color:rgb(204,255,255);">4</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;background-color:rgb(255,0,0);">5</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;background-color:rgb(51,51,255);">6</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;background-color:rgb(51,51,255);">7</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;background-color:rgb(51,51,255);">8</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;background-color:rgb(51,51,255);">9</span></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;color:#cc33cc;">48</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">6</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">57</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;color:#cc33cc;">42</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">60</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;color:#ff0000;">72</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">83</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">73</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;color:#cc33cc;">88</span></p></td><td valign="top"><p align="right"><span style="font-size:18px;">85</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-size:18px;">可以<strong>看出a[5]前面的数字都小于它,a[5]后面的数字都大于它</strong>。因此再对a[0…4]和a[6…9]这二个子区间<strong>重复</strong>上述步骤就可以了。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">对挖坑填数进行总结</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">1.i =L; j = R; 将基准数挖出形成第一个坑a[i]。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">2.j--由后向前找比它小的数,找到后挖出此数填前一个坑a[i]中。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">3.i++由前向后找比它大的数,找到后也挖出此数填到前一个坑a[j]中。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">4.再重复执行2,3二步,直到i==j,将基准数填入a[i]中。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">照着这个总结很容易实现挖坑填数的代码:</span></p><div class="dp-highlighter bg_cpp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[cpp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;">view plain</a><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 165px; top: 1523px; width: 16px; height: 16px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_1" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" width="16" height="16" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_1" align="middle" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=1&width=16&height=16" wmode="transparent"></div></span><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-cpp"><li class="alt"><span><span class="datatypes">int</span><span> AdjustArray(</span><span class="datatypes">int</span><span> s[], </span><span class="datatypes">int</span><span> l, </span><span class="datatypes">int</span><span> r) </span><span class="comment">//返回调整后基准数的位置</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="datatypes">int</span><span> i = l, j = r; </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="datatypes">int</span><span> x = s[l]; </span><span class="comment">//s[l]即s[i]就是第一个坑</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">while</span><span> (i < j) </span></span></li><li class=""><span> { </span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="comment">// 从右向左找小于x的数来填s[i]</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">while</span><span>(i < j && s[j] >= x) </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> j--; </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">if</span><span>(i < j) </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> s[i] = s[j]; <span class="comment">//将s[j]填到s[i]中,s[j]就形成了一个新的坑</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> i++; </span></li><li class=""><span> } </span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="comment">// 从左向右找大于或等于x的数来填s[j]</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">while</span><span>(i < j && s[i] < x) </span></span></li><li class=""><span> i++; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">if</span><span>(i < j) </span></span></li><li class=""><span> { </span></li><li class="alt"><span> s[j] = s[i]; <span class="comment">//将s[i]填到s[j]中,s[i]就形成了一个新的坑</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span> j--; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span> } </span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="comment">//退出时,i等于j。将x填到这个坑中。</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span> s[i] = x; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">return</span><span> i; </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>} </span></li></ol></div><pre class="cpp" name="code" style="display: none;">int AdjustArray(int s[], int l, int r) //返回调整后基准数的位置
{
int i = l, j = r;
int x = s[l]; //s[l]即s[i]就是第一个坑
while (i < j)
{
// 从右向左找小于x的数来填s[i]
while(i < j && s[j] >= x)
j--;
if(i < j)
{
s[i] = s[j]; //将s[j]填到s[i]中,s[j]就形成了一个新的坑
i++;
}
// 从左向右找大于或等于x的数来填s[j]
while(i < j && s[i] < x)
i++;
if(i < j)
{
s[j] = s[i]; //将s[i]填到s[j]中,s[i]就形成了一个新的坑
j--;
}
}
//退出时,i等于j。将x填到这个坑中。
s[i] = x;
return i;
}
</pre><p><span style="font-size:18px;">再写分治法的代码:</span></p><div class="dp-highlighter bg_cpp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[cpp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;">view plain</a><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 165px; top: 2130px; width: 16px; height: 16px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_2" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" width="16" height="16" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_2" align="middle" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=2&width=16&height=16" wmode="transparent"></div></span><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-cpp"><li class="alt"><span><span class="keyword">void</span><span> quick_sort1(</span><span class="datatypes">int</span><span> s[], </span><span class="datatypes">int</span><span> l, </span><span class="datatypes">int</span><span> r) </span></span></li><li class=""><span>{ </span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">if</span><span> (l < r) </span></span></li><li class=""><span> { </span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="datatypes">int</span><span> i = AdjustArray(s, l, r);</span><span class="comment">//先成挖坑填数法调整s[]</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span> quick_sort1(s, l, i - 1); <span class="comment">// 递归调用 </span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> quick_sort1(s, i + 1, r); </span></li><li class=""><span> } </span></li><li class="alt"><span>} </span></li></ol></div><pre class="cpp" name="code" style="display: none;">void quick_sort1(int s[], int l, int r)
{
if (l < r)
{
int i = AdjustArray(s, l, r);//先成挖坑填数法调整s[]
quick_sort1(s, l, i - 1); // 递归调用
quick_sort1(s, i + 1, r);
}
}</pre><p><span style="font-size:18px;">这样的代码显然不够简洁,对其组合整理下:</span></p><div class="dp-highlighter bg_cpp"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[cpp]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;">view plain</a><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 165px; top: 2382px; width: 16px; height: 16px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_3" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" width="16" height="16" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_3" align="middle" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=3&width=16&height=16" wmode="transparent"></div></span><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-cpp"><li class="alt"><span><span class="comment">//快速排序</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">void</span><span> quick_sort(</span><span class="datatypes">int</span><span> s[], </span><span class="datatypes">int</span><span> l, </span><span class="datatypes">int</span><span> r) </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>{ </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">if</span><span> (l < r) </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="comment">//Swap(s[l], s[(l + r) / 2]); //将中间的这个数和第一个数交换 参见注1</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="datatypes">int</span><span> i = l, j = r, x = s[l]; </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">while</span><span> (i < j) </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> { </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">while</span><span>(i < j && s[j] >= x) </span><span class="comment">// 从右向左找第一个小于x的数</span><span> </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> j--; </span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">if</span><span>(i < j) </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> s[i++] = s[j]; </span></li><li class=""><span> </span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">while</span><span>(i < j && s[i] < x) </span><span class="comment">// 从左向右找第一个大于等于x的数</span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span> i++; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">if</span><span>(i < j) </span></span></li><li class=""><span> s[j--] = s[i]; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span> s[i] = x; </span></li><li class="alt"><span> quick_sort(s, l, i - 1); <span class="comment">// 递归调用 </span><span> </span></span></li><li class=""><span> quick_sort(s, i + 1, r); </span></li><li class="alt"><span> } </span></li><li class=""><span>} </span></li></ol></div><pre class="cpp" name="code" style="display: none;">//快速排序
void quick_sort(int s[], int l, int r)
{
if (l < r)
{
//Swap(s[l], s[(l + r) / 2]); //将中间的这个数和第一个数交换 参见注1
int i = l, j = r, x = s[l];
while (i < j)
{
while(i < j && s[j] >= x) // 从右向左找第一个小于x的数
j--;
if(i < j)
s[i++] = s[j];
while(i < j && s[i] < x) // 从左向右找第一个大于等于x的数
i++;
if(i < j)
s[j--] = s[i];
}
s[i] = x;
quick_sort(s, l, i - 1); // 递归调用
quick_sort(s, i + 1, r);
}
}</pre><p><span style="font-size:18px;">快速排序还有很多改进版本,如随机选择基准数,区间内数据较少时直接用另的方法排序以减小递归深度。有兴趣的筒子可以再深入的研究下。</span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-size:18px;">注1,有的书上是以中间的数作为基准数的,要实现这个方便非常方便,直接将中间的数和第一个数进行交换就可以了。</span></p><p> </p><p> 转载请标明出处,原文地址:<a href="http://blog.csdn.net/morewindows/article/details/6684558" target="_blank">http://blog.csdn.net/morewindows/article/details/6684558</a></p> </div>
快速排序
最新推荐文章于 2023-10-14 22:15:42 发布