poj 1077 Eight(经典八数码问题:bfs/Dbfs)

poj 1077 Eight(经典八数码问题:bDfs/Dbfs)
总时间限制: 5000ms 内存限制: 65536kB

Special Judge

描述
The 15-puzzle has been around for over 100 years; even if you don’t know it by that name, you’ve seen it. It is constructed with 15 sliding tiles, each with a number from 1 to 15 on it, and all packed into a 4 by 4 frame with one tile missing. Let’s call the missing tile ‘x’; the object of the puzzle is to arrange the tiles so that they are ordered as:
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 x

where the only legal operation is to exchange ‘x’ with one of the tiles with which it shares an edge. As an example, the following sequence of moves solves a slightly scrambled puzzle:
这里写图片描述
The letters in the previous row indicate which neighbor of the ‘x’ tile is swapped with the ‘x’ tile at each step; legal values are ‘r’,’l’,’u’ and ‘d’, for right, left, up, and down, respectively.

Not all puzzles can be solved; in 1870, a man named Sam Loyd was famous for distributing an unsolvable version of the puzzle, and
frustrating many people. In fact, all you have to do to make a regular puzzle into an unsolvable one is to swap two tiles (not counting the missing ‘x’ tile, of course).

In this problem, you will write a program for solving the less well-known 8-puzzle, composed of tiles on a three by three
arrangement.

输入
You will receive a description of a configuration of the 8 puzzle. The description is just a list of the tiles in their initial positions, with the rows listed from top to bottom, and the tiles listed from left to right within a row, where the tiles are represented by numbers 1 to 8, plus ‘x’. For example, this puzzle
1 2 3
x 4 6
7 5 8

is described by this list:

1 2 3 x 4 6 7 5 8

输出
You will print to standard output either the word “unsolvable”, if the puzzle has no solution, or a string consisting entirely of the letters ‘r’, ‘l’, ‘u’ and ‘d’ that describes a series of moves that produce a solution. The string should include no spaces and start at the beginning of the line.

样例输入

2 3 4 1 5 x 7 6 8

样例输出

ullddrurdllurdruldr

来源
South Central USA 1998


本题是经典八数码问题,这一次以这道题为契机学习了Dbfs,现在已经学会了用bfs(version 1)和Dbfs(version 2)实现了。注意本题是special judge的,这样才不必考虑合理的搜索顺保证字典序,否则Dbfs无法安排搜索顺序…

注意一个编码小技巧Cantor launched,用来给全排列编码而且很节省空间。以后要用了推一推还是可以记起来的。

下面是代码(含测试部分)和评测结果,可以发现Dbfs快于bfs

version 1

Accepted    9140kB  220ms  2398 B   G++
#define TEST
#undef TEST

#define MAX_LEN 362880
#define TARGET_STATE 46233

#include<stdio.h>
#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

const char operate_name[4]={'u','d','l','r'};
const int change[9][4]={{-1, 3,-1, 1},{-1, 4, 0, 2},{-1, 5, 1,-1},
                        { 0, 6,-1, 4},{ 1, 7, 3, 5},{ 2, 8, 4,-1},
                        { 3,-1,-1, 7},{ 4,-1, 6, 8},{ 5,-1, 7,-1}};
/*
 * 0 1 2 
 * 3 4 5
 * 6 7 8
 */

int queue[MAX_LEN][9];
int blank[MAX_LEN],father[MAX_LEN],operate[MAX_LEN];
int head,tail;

char str_out[MAX_LEN];
int len; 

bool visit[MAX_LEN];

int cantor_launched(int a[]);
void read_and_init();
void bfs();
void print(int last);
void test();

int main()
{
#ifdef TEST
    freopen("input.txt","r",stdin);
    freopen("output.txt","w",stdout);
#endif
    read_and_init();
    bfs();
#ifdef TEST
    test();
#endif
    return 0;
}

int cantor_launched(int a[])
{
    int anti_num,frac=1,ans=0;
    for (int i=8;i>=0;i--)
    {
        anti_num=0;
        for (int j=i;j<9;j++)
            if (a[j]<a[i])
                anti_num++;
        ans+=frac*anti_num;
        frac*=(9-i);
    }
    return ans;
}

void read_and_init()
{
    char ch;
    for (int i=0;i<9;i++)
    {
        cin>>ch;
        if (ch=='X' || ch=='x')
        {
            blank[0]=i;
            queue[0][i]=0;
        }
        else
            queue[0][i]=ch-'0';
    }
    head=0;
    tail=0;
    father[0]=0;
    operate[0]=0;
    return;
}

void bfs()
{
    int new_blank;
    while (head<=tail)
    {
        if (cantor_launched(queue[head])==TARGET_STATE)
        {
            print(head);
            return;
        }
        for (int d=0;d<4;d++)
        {
            new_blank=change[blank[head]][d];
            if (new_blank!=-1)
            {
                tail++;
                for (int i=0;i<9;i++)
                    queue[tail][i]=queue[head][i];
                queue[tail][new_blank]=0;
                queue[tail][blank[head]]=queue[head][new_blank];
                if (visit[cantor_launched(queue[tail])])
                    tail--;
                else
                {
                    visit[cantor_launched(queue[tail])]=true;
                    blank[tail]=new_blank;
                    father[tail]=head;
                    operate[tail]=d;
                }
            }
        }
        head++;
    }
    printf("unsolvable\n");
    return;
}

void print(int last)
{
    while (father[last]!=last)
    {
        str_out[len++]=operate_name[operate[last]];
    #ifdef TEST
        printf("\n"); 
        for (int t=0;t<9;t++)
            printf("%d%c",queue[last][t],(t+1)%3?' ':'\n');
    #endif
        last=father[last];
    }
    for (int i=len-1;i>=0;i--)
        printf("%c",str_out[i]);
    printf("\n"); 
    return;
}

void test()
{
    for (int i=0;i<tail;i++)
    {
        for (int t=0;t<9;t++)
            printf("%d%c",queue[i][t],(t+1)%3?' ':'\n');
        printf("father=%d,operate=%d\n\n",father[i],operate[i]); 
    }
    return;
}

version 2

Accepted    1928kB  0ms 4690 B  G++ 
#define TEST
#undef TEST

#define MAX_LEN 362880
#define TARGET_STATE 46233

#include<stdio.h>
#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

const char operate_name[4]={'u','d','l','r'};
const int change[9][4]={{-1, 3,-1, 1},{-1, 4, 0, 2},{-1, 5, 1,-1},
                        { 0, 6,-1, 4},{ 1, 7, 3, 5},{ 2, 8, 4,-1},
                        { 3,-1,-1, 7},{ 4,-1, 6, 8},{ 5,-1, 7,-1}};

const char operate_rname[4]={'d','u','r','l'};
const int rchange[9][4]={{ 3,-1, 1,-1},{ 4,-1, 2, 0},{ 5,-1,-1, 1},
                         { 6, 0, 4,-1},{ 7, 1, 5, 3},{ 8, 2,-1, 4},
                         {-1, 3, 7,-1},{-1, 4, 8, 6},{-1, 5,-1, 7}};
/*
 * 0 1 2 
 * 3 4 5
 * 6 7 8
 */

int queue[MAX_LEN+1][9];
int blank[MAX_LEN+1],father[MAX_LEN+1],operate[MAX_LEN+1];
int head,tail,rhead,rtail;

char str_out[MAX_LEN];
int len; 

bool visit[MAX_LEN],rvisit[MAX_LEN];

int cantor_launched(int a[]);
void read_and_init();
void dbfs();
void print(int last);
void rprint(int last);


void test()
{
    printf("\n___________TEST___________\n");
    for (int i=0;i<tail;i++)
    {
        printf("\n");
        for (int t=0;t<9;t++)
            printf("%d%c",queue[i][t],(t+1)%3?' ':'\n');
        printf("father=%5d,operate=%5d\n",father[i],operate[i]); 
    }
    for (int i=rtail;i<=MAX_LEN;i++)
    {
        printf("\n");
        for (int t=0;t<9;t++)
            printf("%d%c",queue[i][t],(t+1)%3?' ':'\n');
        printf("father=%5d,operate=%5d\n",father[i],operate[i]); 
    }
    return;
}

int main()
{
#ifdef TEST
    freopen("input.txt","r",stdin);
    freopen("output.txt","w",stdout);
#endif
    read_and_init();
    dbfs();
#ifdef TEST
    test();
#endif
    return 0;
}

int cantor_launched(int a[])
{
    int anti_num,frac=1,ans=0;
    for (int i=8;i>=0;i--)
    {
        anti_num=0;
        for (int j=i;j<9;j++)
            if (a[j]<a[i])
                anti_num++;
        ans+=frac*anti_num;
        frac*=(9-i);
    }
    return ans;
}

void read_and_init()
{
    char ch;
    for (int i=0;i<9;i++)
    {
        cin>>ch;
        if (ch=='X' || ch=='x')
        {
            blank[0]=i;
            queue[0][i]=0;
        }
        else
            queue[0][i]=ch-'0';
    }
    head=0;
    tail=0;
    father[0]=0;
    operate[0]=0;
    visit[cantor_launched(queue[0])]=true;
    for (int i=0;i<8;i++)
        queue[MAX_LEN][i]=i+1;
    queue[MAX_LEN][8]=0;
    rhead=MAX_LEN;
    rtail=MAX_LEN;
    father[MAX_LEN]=MAX_LEN;
    operate[MAX_LEN]=0;
    blank[MAX_LEN]=8;
    rvisit[TARGET_STATE]=true;
    return;
}

void dbfs()
{
    int new_blank;
    while (head<=tail || rhead>=rtail)
    {
        if (head<=tail){
        if (rvisit[cantor_launched(queue[head])])
        {
            print(head);
            for (int j=rtail;j<=rhead;j++)
                if (cantor_launched(queue[head])==cantor_launched(queue[j]))
                {
                    rprint(j);
                    break;
                }
            return;
        }
        for (int d=0;d<4;d++)
        {
            new_blank=change[blank[head]][d];
            if (new_blank!=-1)
            {
                tail++;
                for (int i=0;i<9;i++)
                    queue[tail][i]=queue[head][i];
                queue[tail][new_blank]=0;
                queue[tail][blank[head]]=queue[head][new_blank];
                if (visit[cantor_launched(queue[tail])])
                    tail--;
                else
                {
                    visit[cantor_launched(queue[tail])]=true;
                    blank[tail]=new_blank;
                    father[tail]=head;
                    operate[tail]=d;
                }
            }
        }
        head++;}
        if (rhead>=rtail){
        if (visit[cantor_launched(queue[rhead])])
        {
            for (int j=head;j<=tail;j++)
                if (cantor_launched(queue[rhead])==cantor_launched(queue[j]))
                {
                    print(j);
                    break;
                }
            rprint(rhead);
            return;
        }
        for (int d=0;d<4;d++)
        {
            new_blank=rchange[blank[rhead]][d];
            if (new_blank!=-1)
            {
                rtail--;
                for (int i=0;i<9;i++)
                    queue[rtail][i]=queue[rhead][i];
                queue[rtail][new_blank]=0;
                queue[rtail][blank[rhead]]=queue[rhead][new_blank];
                if (rvisit[cantor_launched(queue[rtail])])
                    rtail++;
                else
                {
                    rvisit[cantor_launched(queue[rtail])]=true;
                    blank[rtail]=new_blank;
                    father[rtail]=rhead;
                    operate[rtail]=d;
                }
            }
        }
        rhead--;}
    }
    printf("unsolvable\n");
    return;
}

void print(int last)
{
#ifdef TEST
    printf("Steps pointers move:\nhead=%d,tail=%d,rhead=%d,rtail=%d\n",
            head,tail,MAX_LEN-rhead,MAX_LEN-rtail); 
    printf("%d\n",last); 
#endif
    while (father[last]!=last)
    {
        str_out[len++]=operate_name[operate[last]];
        last=father[last];
    #ifdef TEST
        printf("\n");
        for (int t=0;t<9;t++)
            printf("%d%c",queue[last][t],(t+1)%3?' ':'\n'); 
        printf("father=%5d,operate=%5d\n",father[last],operate[last]);
    #endif
    }
    for (int i=len-1;i>=0;i--)
        printf("%c",str_out[i]);
#ifdef TEST
    printf("\n");
#endif 
    return;
}

void rprint(int last)
{
#ifdef TEST
    printf("%d\n",last);
#endif
    len=0;
    while (father[last]!=last)
    {
        str_out[len++]=operate_name[operate[last]]; 
    #ifdef TEST
        printf("\n");
        for (int t=0;t<9;t++)
            printf("%d%c",queue[last][t],(t+1)%3?' ':'\n'); 
        printf("father=%5d,operate=%5d\n",father[last],operate[last]);
    #endif
        last=father[last];
    }
    str_out[len]=0;
    printf("%s\n",str_out);
    return;
}
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