tomcat(11)org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper源码剖析

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最新推荐文章于 2022-09-24 13:17:09 发布

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分类专栏： (5)HowTomcatWorks ApacheOPenProject

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【0】README

0.0）本文部分文字描述转自 “how tomcat works”，旨在学习 “tomcat(11)StandardWrapper源码剖析” 的基础知识；

0.1）StandardWrapper 是 Catalina中对Wrapper接口的标准实现；要知道，tomcat 中有4种类型的容器：Engine，Host，Context 和 Wrapper；（干货——review tomcat 中有4种类型的容器：Engine，Host，Context 和 Wrapper）

【1】方法调用序列

1）对于每个引入的http 请求，连接器都会调用与其关联的servlet容器的 invoke() 方法。然后，servlet容器会调用其所有子容器的invoke() 方法；

2）下图展示了连接器接收到http 请求后的方法调用的协作图；

3）上图的具体steps 如下：

step1）连接器创建 request 和 response对象；

step2）连接器调用StandardContext.invoke()方法；

step3）StandardContext.invoke()方法调用其管道的invoke() 方法。StandardContext的管道对象的基础阀是 StandardCoantextValve类的实例，因此， StandardContext 的管道会调用 StandardContextValve.invoke()方法；

step4）StandardContextValve.invoke()方法获取相应的Wrapper 实例处理 http请求，调用Wrapper实例的invoke()方法；

step5）StandardWrapper类是Wrapper接口的标准实现，StandardWrapper.invoke()方法会调用其管道对象的invoke()方法；

step6）StandardWrapper的管道对象中的基础阀是 StandardWrapperValve 类的实例，因此，会调用StandardWrapperValve.invoke()方法，StandardWrapperValve.invoke()方法会调用Wrapper实例的 allocate() 方法获取servlet实例；

step7）allocate()方法调用load() 方法载入相应的servlet类，若已经载入，则无需重复载入；

step8）load()方法调用servlet实例的init()方法；

step9）StandardWrapperValve调用servlet.service()方法；
// Call the filter chain for this request
        // NOTE: This also calls the servlet's service() method
        try { // org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke()
            String jspFile = wrapper.getJspFile();
            if (jspFile != null)
                sreq.setAttribute(Globals.JSP_FILE_ATTR, jspFile);
            else
                sreq.removeAttribute(Globals.JSP_FILE_ATTR);
            if ((servlet != null) && (filterChain != null)) {
                filterChain.doFilter(sreq, sres); // highlight line. doFilter() calls servlet.service()
            }
            sreq.removeAttribute(Globals.JSP_FILE_ATTR);
        } 

Attention）StandardContext类的构造函数会设置StandardContextValve类的一个实例作为其基础阀；

public StandardContext() { // org.apache.catalina.core.StardardContext
        super();
        pipeline.setBasic(new StandardContextValve());
        namingResources.setContainer(this);
}

Attention）StandardWrapper类的构造函数也会设置一个 StandardWrapperValve实例作为其基础阀：

public StandardWrapper() { // org.apache.catalina.core.StardardWrapper
        super();
        swValve=new StandardWrapperValve();
        pipeline.setBasic(swValve);
}

4）依据上述（3）小节中的 “处理http 请求的方法调用协作图”，本文按照惯例给出了具体的调用过程，如下：

4.1）本文第一张是借用了 “tomcat(10)安全性中章节【6.4】中Supplement-补充模块”的第2张图；（for spec info，please visit tomcat(10)安全性），这旨在说明从HttpConnector -> StandardContext.invoke() -> StandardPipeline.invoke()的调用过程；

4.2）本文接着上面的调用过程继续分析，调用过程如下图；旨在说明

StandardPipeline.invoke() -> StandardContextValve.invoke() -> StandardWrapper.invoke() -> StandardPipeline.invoke() -> StandardWrapperValve.invoke() -> ApplicationFilterChain().doFilter()

-> ApplicationFilterChain().internalDoFilter() -> HttpServlet(ModernServlet).service() -> ModernServlet->doGet() 的调用过程.（Bingo）

对上述协作图和详细调用过程图的分析（Analysis）：

A0）要知道Tomcat中有4种容器：Engine，Host，Context 和 Wrapper；（干货——本文一直强调这一点，理解容器的层次结构对于理解tomcat非常重要）

A1）StandardContext 和 StandardWrapper 都是容器：他们都继承自 ContainerBase，只不过StandardWrapper是StandardContext的子容器，而StandardWrapper是最小的容器，即它没有子容器；

A2）下面分别看StandardWrapper，StandardContext的构造函数和 ContainerBase 的变量定义；

public final class StandardWrapper extends ContainerBase implements ServletConfig, Wrapper {
    public StandardWrapper() {
        super();
        swValve=new StandardWrapperValve();
        pipeline.setBasic(swValve);
    }
}
public class StandardContext extends ContainerBase  implements Context {
    public StandardContext() { 
        super();
        pipeline.setBasic(new StandardContextValve());
        namingResources.setContainer(this);
    }
}
public abstract class ContainerBase   implements Container, Lifecycle, Pipeline {
    protected Pipeline pipeline = new StandardPipeline(this); // highlight line.
    protected HashMap children = new HashMap();
    protected int debug = 0;  
    protected LifecycleSupport lifecycle = new LifecycleSupport(this);  
    protected ArrayList listeners = new ArrayList(); 
    protected Loader loader = null; 
    protected Logger logger = null; 
    protected Manager manager = null;  
    protected Cluster cluster = null;  
    protected Mapper mapper = null;  
    protected HashMap mappers = new HashMap();  
    protected String mapperClass = null; 
    protected String name = null; 
    protected Container parent = null;  
    protected ClassLoader parentClassLoader = null;    
    protected Pipeline pipeline = new StandardPipeline(this);   
    protected Realm realm = null;  
    protected DirContext resources = null;    
    protected static StringManager sm = StringManager.getManager(Constants.Package);    
    protected boolean started = false;   
    protected PropertyChangeSupport support = new PropertyChangeSupport(this);
}

A3）可以看到父容器ContainerBase定义了管道StandardPipeline，而子容器StandardContext 设置StandardContextValve为基础阀；而最小的容器StandardWrapper设置StandardWrapperValve为基础阀；

A4）也即 StandardContext 和 StandardWrapper 共用同一个管道，分别设置不同的基础阀；（当然，可以分别设置非基础阀，非基础阀在基础阀被调用之前调用）；

【2】SingleThreadModel（已经被弃用了）

1）intro：servlet类可以实现 javax.servlet.SingleThreadModel 接口，这样的servlet类也称为 SingleThreadModel（STM）servlet类。根据servlet规范，实现此接口的目的是保证 servlet实例一次只处理一个请求；

Attention）若 servlet类实现 SingleThreadModel接口，则可以保证绝不会有两个线程同时执行该servlet.service()方法。这一点由 servlet容器通过控制对单一 servlet实例的同步访问实现，或者维护一个 servlet实例池，然后将每个新请求分派给一个空闲的servlet实例。该接口并不能防止servlet访问共享资源造成的同步问题，例如访问类的静态变量或访问servlet作用域之外的类；

（干货——有很多程序员哥哥没有读懂这段话，想当然的认为，实现了该接口的servlet就是线程安全的。这种想法是错误的，请再度一遍上面的引文内容（原文作者说的，哈哈））

2）事实上，实现了 SingleThreadModel 接口的servlet类只能保证在同一时刻，只有一个线程在执行该 servlet实例的service()方法。但，为了提高执行性能，servlet容器会创建多个STM servlet实例。也就是说，STM servlet.service()方法会在多个STM servlet实例中并发执行。如果servlet实例需要静态类变量或类外的某些资源的话，就有可能引起同步问题；

Atttention）在servlet 2.4中，SingleThreadModel接口已经被弃用了，因为它会使 servlet程序员误以为该接口的servlet类就是多线程安全的；

【3】StandardWrapper

1）intro to StandardWrapper：其主要任务是载入它所代表的servlet类，并进行实例化；

2）StandardWrapper并不调用servlet的service方法，该任务由 StandardWrapperValve对象（StandardWrapper实例的管道对象中的基础阀）完成；

3）StandardWrapperValve对象通过调用allocate()方法从 StandardWrapper实例中获取servlet实例，在获得servlet实例后，StandardWrapperValve实例就会调用servlet实例的service()方法；

【3.1】分配servlet实例

1）分配servlet实例是由 StandardWrapper.allocate()方法来完成的（allocate方法返回请求的servelt实例）；

2）allocate()方法分为两部分（parts）：

p1）第一部分： allocate()首先检查 instance是否为null，若是，则allocate()方法调用 loadServlet()方法载入相关的servlet类，然后整型变量countAllocated加1，返回instance的值；

p2）第二部分：

p2.1）若StandardWrapper表示的servlet是一个STM servlet类，则allocate()会试图从对象池中返回一个servlet实例。变量 instancePool 是一个 java.util.Stack类型的栈，其中保存了所有的STM servlet实例：
private Stack instancePool = null;
p2.2）只要STM servlet实例数不超过指定的最大值，allocate()方法会返回一个 STM servlet实例。整型变量maxInstances 保存了在栈中存储的 STM servlet实例的最大值，default value = 20；
private int maxInstances = 20;
p2.3）而 nInstances 保存了当前 STM servlet实例的数量（初始为0）；

3）源码如下

public Servlet allocate() throws ServletException { //org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.allocate()
// part 1 begins.
        if (debug >= 1) 
            log("Allocating an instance");
        // If we are currently unloading this servlet, throw an exception
        if (unloading)
            throw new ServletException
              (sm.getString("standardWrapper.unloading", getName()));

        // If not SingleThreadedModel, return the same instance every time
        if (!singleThreadModel) {

            // Load and initialize our instance if necessary
            if (instance == null) {
                synchronized (this) {
                    if (instance == null) {
                        try {
                            instance = loadServlet();
                        } catch (ServletException e) {
                            throw e;
                        } catch (Throwable e) {
                            throw new ServletException
                                (sm.getString("standardWrapper.allocate"), e);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            if (!singleThreadModel) {
                if (debug >= 2)
                    log("  Returning non-STM instance");
                countAllocated++;
                return (instance);
            }
        } // part1 ends.
// part2 starts.
        synchronized (instancePool) {
            while (countAllocated >= nInstances) {
                // Allocate a new instance if possible, or else wait
                if (nInstances < maxInstances) {
                    try {
                        instancePool.push(loadServlet());
                        nInstances++;
                    } catch (ServletException e) {
                        throw e;
                    } catch (Throwable e) {
                        throw new ServletException
                            (sm.getString("standardWrapper.allocate"), e);
                    }
                } else {
                    try {
                        instancePool.wait();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        ;
                    }
                }
            }
            if (debug >= 2)
                log("  Returning allocated STM instance");
            countAllocated++;
            return (Servlet) instancePool.pop();
        }
    }// part2 ends.

【3.2】载入servlet类

1）StandardWrapper类实现了Wrapper接口的 load() 方法，load() 方法调用loadServlet()方法载入某个servlet类，并调用其 init() 方法，此时要传入一个 javax.servlet.ServletConfig实例作为参数；

2）loadServlet() 方法是如何工作的

public synchronized void load() throws ServletException { // org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.load()
        instance = loadServlet();
}
 public synchronized Servlet loadServlet() throws ServletException { // org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.loadServlet()
        // Nothing to do if we already have an instance or an instance pool
        if (!singleThreadModel && (instance != null))
            return instance;
        PrintStream out = System.out;
        if (swallowOutput) {
            SystemLogHandler.startCapture();
        }
        Servlet servlet = null;
        try {
            // If this "servlet" is really a JSP file, get the right class.
            // HOLD YOUR NOSE - this is a kludge that avoids having to do special
            // case Catalina-specific code in Jasper - it also requires that the
            // servlet path be replaced by the <jsp-file> element content in
            // order to be completely effective
            String actualClass = servletClass;
            if ((actualClass == null) && (jspFile != null)) {
                Wrapper jspWrapper = (Wrapper)
                    ((Context) getParent()).findChild(Constants.JSP_SERVLET_NAME);
                if (jspWrapper != null)
                    actualClass = jspWrapper.getServletClass();
            }
            // Complain if no servlet class has been specified
            if (actualClass == null) {
                unavailable(null);
                throw new ServletException
                    (sm.getString("standardWrapper.notClass", getName()));
            }   
            // Acquire an instance of the class loader to be used
            Loader loader = getLoader();
            if (loader == null) {
                unavailable(null);
                throw new ServletException
                    (sm.getString("standardWrapper.missingLoader", getName()));
            }   
            ClassLoader classLoader = loader.getClassLoader();   
            // Special case class loader for a container provided servlet
            if (isContainerProvidedServlet(actualClass)) {
                classLoader = this.getClass().getClassLoader();
                log(sm.getString
                      ("standardWrapper.containerServlet", getName()));
            }   
            // Load the specified servlet class from the appropriate class loader
            Class classClass = null;
            try {
                if (classLoader != null) {
                    classClass = classLoader.loadClass(actualClass);
                } else {
                    classClass = Class.forName(actualClass);
                }
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                unavailable(null);
                throw new ServletException
                    (sm.getString("standardWrapper.missingClass", actualClass),
                     e);
            }
            if (classClass == null) {
                unavailable(null);
                throw new ServletException
                    (sm.getString("standardWrapper.missingClass", actualClass));
            }   
            // Instantiate and initialize an instance of the servlet class itself
            try {
                servlet = (Servlet) classClass.newInstance();
            } catch (ClassCastException e) {
                unavailable(null);
                // Restore the context ClassLoader
                throw new ServletException
                    (sm.getString("standardWrapper.notServlet", actualClass), e);
            } catch (Throwable e) {
                unavailable(null);
                // Restore the context ClassLoader
                throw new ServletException
                    (sm.getString("standardWrapper.instantiate", actualClass), e);
            }   
            // Check if loading the servlet in this web application should be
            // allowed
            if (!isServletAllowed(servlet)) {
                throw new SecurityException
                    (sm.getString("standardWrapper.privilegedServlet",
                                  actualClass));
            }   
            // Special handling for ContainerServlet instances
            if ((servlet instanceof ContainerServlet) &&
                isContainerProvidedServlet(actualClass)) {
                ((ContainerServlet) servlet).setWrapper(this);
            } 
   
            // Call the initialization method of this servlet
            try {
                instanceSupport.fireInstanceEvent(InstanceEvent.BEFORE_INIT_EVENT,
                                                  servlet);
                servlet.init(facade);
                // Invoke jspInit on JSP pages
                if ((loadOnStartup >= 0) && (jspFile != null)) {
                    // Invoking jspInit
                    HttpRequestBase req = new HttpRequestBase();
                    HttpResponseBase res = new HttpResponseBase();
                    req.setServletPath(jspFile);
                    req.setQueryString("jsp_precompile=true");
                    servlet.service(req, res);
                }
                instanceSupport.fireInstanceEvent(InstanceEvent.AFTER_INIT_EVENT,
                                                  servlet);
            } catch (UnavailableException f) {
                instanceSupport.fireInstanceEvent(InstanceEvent.AFTER_INIT_EVENT,
                                                  servlet, f);
                unavailable(f);
                throw f;
            } catch (ServletException f) {
                instanceSupport.fireInstanceEvent(InstanceEvent.AFTER_INIT_EVENT,
                                                  servlet, f);
                // If the servlet wanted to be unavailable it would have
                // said so, so do not call unavailable(null).
                throw f;
            } catch (Throwable f) {
                instanceSupport.fireInstanceEvent(InstanceEvent.AFTER_INIT_EVENT,
                                                  servlet, f);
                // If the servlet wanted to be unavailable it would have
                // said so, so do not call unavailable(null).
                throw new ServletException
                    (sm.getString("standardWrapper.initException", getName()), f);
            }   
            // Register our newly initialized instance
            singleThreadModel = servlet instanceof SingleThreadModel;
            if (singleThreadModel) {
                if (instancePool == null)
                    instancePool = new Stack();
            }
            fireContainerEvent("load", this);
        } finally {
            if (swallowOutput) {
                String log = SystemLogHandler.stopCapture();
                if (log != null && log.length() > 0) {
                    if (getServletContext() != null) {
                        getServletContext().log(log);
                    } else {
                        out.println(log);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return servlet;
    }

step1）检查当前的StandardWrapper类是否表示的是一个 STM servlet类，若不是，且变量instance不为null（表示以前已经载入过这个servlet），它就直接返回该实例；
 // Nothing to do if we already have an instance or an instance pool
        if (!singleThreadModel && (instance != null))
            return instance;
step2）获得 System.out 和 System.err 的输出，便于它使用 javax.servlet.ServletConfig.log() 方法记录日志消息：
 PrintStream out = System.out;
        if (swallowOutput) {
            SystemLogHandler.startCapture();
        }
step3）定义类型为javax.servlet.Servlet 名为servlet 的变量，其表示已载入的servlet实例，会由 loadServlet()方法返回；
Servlet servlet = null;
step4）由于Catalina是一个JSP容器，故loadServlet()方法必须检查请求的servlet是不是一个jsp 页面。若是，则loadServlet() 方法需要获取代表该jsp 页面的实际servlet类；
String actualClass = servletClass;
 if ((actualClass == null) && (jspFile != null)) {
                Wrapper jspWrapper = (Wrapper)
                    ((Context) getParent()).findChild(Constants.JSP_SERVLET_NAME);
                if (jspWrapper != null)
                    actualClass = jspWrapper.getServletClass();
}
//  public static final String JSP_SERVLET_NAME = "jsp";<span style="font-family: SimSun; line-height: 1.5; background-color: inherit;">           </span>
step5）如果找不到该jsp 页面的servlet类，则会使用变量 servletClass（actualClass）的值。若没有调用StandardWrapper.serServletClass() 方法设置servletClass的值，则会抛出异常，并停止执行后续方法；
// Complain if no servlet class has been specified
            if (actualClass == null) {
                unavailable(null);
                throw new ServletException
                    (sm.getString("standardWrapper.notClass", getName()));
            }<span style="font-family: SimSun; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">           </span>

step6）这时，要载入的servlet类名已经解析完了，loadServlet()方法会获取载入器
Loader loader = getLoader();
 public Loader getLoader() { // org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.getLoader();
        if (loader != null)
            return (loader);
        if (parent != null)
            return (parent.getLoader());
        return (null);
    }
step7）若找到载入器（loader），则loadServlet()方法调用getClassLoader()方法获取一个ClassLoader；
ClassLoader classLoader = loader.getClassLoader();
step8）Catalina提供了一些用于访问servlet容器内部数据的专用servlet类。如果某个servlet类是这种专用的servlet，即若isContainerProvidedServlet()方法返回true，则变量 classLoader被赋值为另一种ClassLoader实例，如此一来，这个servlet实例就可以访问Catalina的内部数据了；
// Special case class loader for a container provided servlet
            if (isContainerProvidedServlet(actualClass)) {
                classLoader = this.getClass().getClassLoader();
                log(sm.getString
                      ("standardWrapper.containerServlet", getName()));
            }
step9）准备好类载入器和准备载入的servlet类名后，loadServlet()方法就可以载入servlet类了；
 // Load the specified servlet class from the appropriate class loader
            Class classClass = null;
            try {
                if (classLoader != null) {
                    classClass = classLoader.loadClass(actualClass);
                } else {
                    classClass = Class.forName(actualClass);
                }
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                unavailable(null);
                throw new ServletException
                    (sm.getString("standardWrapper.missingClass", actualClass),
                     e);
            }
if (classClass == null) {
                unavailable(null);
                throw new ServletException
                    (sm.getString("standardWrapper.missingClass", actualClass));
            }
step10）实例化该servlet

// Instantiate and initialize an instance of the servlet class itself
            try {
                servlet = (Servlet) classClass.newInstance();
            } catch (ClassCastException e) {
                unavailable(null);
                // Restore the context ClassLoader
                throw new ServletException
                    (sm.getString("standardWrapper.notServlet", actualClass), e);
            } catch (Throwable e) {
                unavailable(null);
                // Restore the context ClassLoader
                throw new ServletException
                    (sm.getString("standardWrapper.instantiate", actualClass), e);
            }

step11）在loadServlet()方法实例化这个servlet之前，它会调用 isServletAllowed()方法检查该servlet 类是否允许载入：

 // Check if loading the servlet in this web application should be
            // allowed
            if (!isServletAllowed(servlet)) {
                throw new SecurityException
                    (sm.getString("standardWrapper.privilegedServlet",
                                  actualClass));
            }

step12）若通过了安全检查，它还会继续检查该servlet类是否是一个 ContainerServlet类型的servlet（实现了 org.apache.catalina.ContainerServlet接口的 servlet可以访问Catalina的内部功能）。若该servlet类是一个 ContainerServlet，loadServlet()方法会调用 ContainerServlet.setWrapper()，传入StandardWrapper实例；
// Special handling for ContainerServlet instances
            if ((servlet instanceof ContainerServlet) &&
                isContainerProvidedServlet(actualClass)) {
                ((ContainerServlet) servlet).setWrapper(this);
            }
step13）触发BEFORE_INIT_EVENT事件，调用servlet实例的 init()方法（init()方法传入了javax.servlet.ServletConfig外观对象）：
// Call the initialization method of this servlet
            try {
                instanceSupport.fireInstanceEvent(InstanceEvent.BEFORE_INIT_EVENT,
                                                  servlet);
                servlet.init(facade); // highlight line.
step14）若变量 loadOnStartup 大于0，且被请求的servlet类实际上是一个jsp 页面，则servlet实例的service()方法；
if ((loadOnStartup >= 0) && (jspFile != null)) {
                    // Invoking jspInit
                    HttpRequestBase req = new HttpRequestBase();
                    HttpResponseBase res = new HttpResponseBase();
                    req.setServletPath(jspFile);
                    req.setQueryString("jsp_precompile=true");
                    servlet.service(req, res);  // highlight line.
                }
                instanceSupport.fireInstanceEvent(InstanceEvent.AFTER_INIT_EVENT,
                                                  servlet);
step15）触发AFTER_INIT_EVENT事件
instanceSupport.fireInstanceEvent(InstanceEvent.AFTER_INIT_EVENT,
step16）若StandardWrapper对象表示的servlet类是一个STM servlet，则将该servlet实例添加到servlet实例池中。因此会判断 instancePool 是否为null，若是，则要给他赋值一个Stack 对象；
// Register our newly initialized instance
            singleThreadModel = servlet instanceof SingleThreadModel;
            if (singleThreadModel) {
                if (instancePool == null)
                    instancePool = new Stack(); // highlight line. 
            }
step17）在finally代码块中，loadServlet()方法停止捕获System.out 和 System.err 对象，记录在载入 ServletContext.log()方法的过程中产生的日志消息；
finally {
            if (swallowOutput) {
                String log = SystemLogHandler.stopCapture();
                if (log != null && log.length() > 0) {
                    if (getServletContext() != null) {
                        getServletContext().log(log); // highlight line.
                    } else {
                        out.println(log);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
public ServletContext getServletContext() { org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.getServletContext()
        if (parent == null)
            return (null);
        else if (!(parent instanceof Context))
            return (null);
        else
            return (((Context) parent).getServletContext());
    }
step18）最后返回已载入的servlet实例；
        return servlet;

【3.3】ServletConfig对象

1）intro：在上述step13）中提到了 servlet.init(facade)，而facade 是 javax.servlet.ServletConfig对象的一个外观变量；

2）StandardWrapper对象是如何获取 servletConfig 对象的？答案就在 StandardWrapper中，该类不仅实现了 Wrapper接口，还实现了 javax.servlet.ServletConfig 接口；

public final class StandardWrapper  extends ContainerBase implements ServletConfig, Wrapper { // org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper
// ......
}
public interface ServletConfig { // javax.servlet.ServletConfig       
    public String getServletName();
    public ServletContext getServletContext();     
    public String getInitParameter(String name);
    public Enumeration getInitParameterNames(); 
}

3）javax.servlet.ServletConfig 接口有4个方法：getServletContext() , getServletName(), getInitParameter()， getInitParameterNames()方法；下面对这4个方法进行说明；

method1）getServletConfig()方法：

public ServletContext getServletContext() { // org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.getServletContext()
        if (parent == null)
            return (null);
        else if (!(parent instanceof Context))
            return (null);
        else
            return (((Context) parent).getServletContext());
    }
 /**
     * Return the servlet context for which this Context is a facade.
     */
    public ServletContext getServletContext() { // org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.getServletContext()
        if (context == null)
            context = new ApplicationContext(getBasePath(), this);
        return (context);
    }

Attention）正如以上代码所展示的那样，无法单独使用一个Wrapper实例来表示一个 servlet 类的定义。Wrapper 实例必须驻留在某个 Context 容器中，这样，当调用其父容器的getServletConfig()方法时，才能返回ServletContext类的一个实例；

method2）getServletName()方法：该方法返回 servlet类的名字，该方法的签名如下：

public String getServletName() { //  org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.getServletName()
        return (getName());
    }
public String getName() { // org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.getName().
// 因为 public final class StandardWrapper   extends ContainerBase
        return (name);
    }

method3）getInitParameter()方法：该方法返回指定初始参数的值

public String getInitParameter(String name) { // org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.getInitParameter()
        return (findInitParameter(name));
    }
public String findInitParameter(String name) { // org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.findInitParameter()
        synchronized (parameters) {
            return ((String) parameters.get(name));
        }
    }

对getInitParameter（）方法的分析（Analysis）：

A1）在StandardWrapper类中，初始化参数 parameters 存储在一个 HashMap类型中；

private HashMap parameters = new HashMap();

A2）通过addInitParameter()方法，传入参数的名字和对应的值来填充变量 parameters 的值：

public void addInitParameter(String name, String value) { // org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.addInitParameter().
        synchronized (parameters) {
            parameters.put(name, value);
        }
        fireContainerEvent("addInitParameter", name); // highlight line.
    }
public void fireContainerEvent(String type, Object data) {// org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.fireContainerEvent().
        if (listeners.size() < 1)
            return;
        ContainerEvent event = new ContainerEvent(this, type, data);
        ContainerListener list[] = new ContainerListener[0];
        synchronized (listeners) {
            list = (ContainerListener[]) listeners.toArray(list);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++)
            ((ContainerListener) list[i]).containerEvent(event);
    }

A3）StandardWrapper.getInitParameter()方法的实现如下：
public String getInitParameter(String name) {
        return (findInitParameter(name));
    }
A4）findInitParameter()方法接收一个指定的初始化参数名的字符串变量，调用HashMap 变量 parameters的get()方法获取初始化参数的值；
public String findInitParameter(String name) { // org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.findInitParameter()
        synchronized (parameters) {
            return ((String) parameters.get(name)); // highlight line.
        }
    }

method4）getInitParameterNames()方法： 该方法返回所有初始化参数的名字的集合，实际上是 java.util.Enumeration的实例；
public Enumeration getInitParameterNames() {
        synchronized (parameters) {
            return (new Enumerator(parameters.keySet()));
        }
    }

【3.4】servlet容器的父子关系

1）intro to StandardWrapper：Wrapper实例代表一个servlet实例，是最低级的容器，故Wrapper不能再有子容器，不应该调用addChild()方法添加子容器，否则抛出 java.lang.IllegalStateException 异常；（干货review——Wrapper实例代表一个servlet实例，是最低级的容器，故Wrapper不能再有子容器）

2）org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.addChild()方法实现如下：

public void addChild(Container child) {
        throw new IllegalStateException (sm.getString("standardWrapper.notChild"));
    }

Attention）Wrapper容器的父容器只能是 Context 容器；若我们在设置父容器的时候，传入了非Context容器，则抛出 java.lang.IllegalArgumentException 异常；

public void setParent(Container container) { // org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.setParent().
        if ((container != null) &&  !(container instanceof Context)) 
            throw new IllegalArgumentException
                (sm.getString("standardWrapper.notContext"));
        if (container instanceof StandardContext) {
            swallowOutput = ((StandardContext)container).getSwallowOutput();
        }
        super.setParent(container); // highlight line.
    }
public void setParent(Container container) { // org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.setParent().
        Container oldParent = this.parent;
        this.parent = container;
        support.firePropertyChange("parent", oldParent, this.parent);
    }

【4】 StandardWrapperFacade类（干货——应用了设计模式中的外观模式）

1）problem+solution：

1.1）problem：StandardWrapper实例会调用它所载入的servlet类的实例的init()方法。init()方法需要一个javax.servlet.ServletConfig 实例，而StandardWrapper了本身也实现了 javax.servlet.ServletConfig 接口，所以，理论上 StandardWrapper需要将其中大部分公共方法对servlet程序员隐藏起来；

1.2）solution：为了实现这个目的，StandardWrapper类将自身实例包装成 StandardWrapperFacade类的一个实例；

2）StandardWrapper类创建StandardWrapperFacade对象，并将自身作为参数传入StandardWrapperFacade的构造器；

private StandardWrapperFacade facade =  new StandardWrapperFacade(this); // defined in StandardWrapper.java

3）StandardWrapperFacade的构造函数；

public StandardWrapperFacade(StandardWrapper config) {
        super();
        this.config = (ServletConfig) config;
// private ServletConfig config = null;
   }

4）因此当创建StandardWrapper对象调用servlet实例的 init()方法时，它会传入StandardWrapperFacade类的一个实例。这样，在servlet实例内调用 ServletConfig.getServletName(),ServletConfig.getInitParameter(), getInitParameterNames() ，getServletContext()方法会直接传递给 StandardWrapper类的相应方法；

5）org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperFacade 的定义如下：

public final class StandardWrapperFacade implements ServletConfig {
     public StandardWrapperFacade(StandardWrapper config) {
        super();
        this.config = (ServletConfig) config;
    }
    public String getServletName() {
        return config.getServletName();
    }
    public ServletContext getServletContext() {
        ServletContext theContext = config.getServletContext();
        if ((theContext != null) &&
            (theContext instanceof ApplicationContext))
            theContext = ((ApplicationContext) theContext).getFacade();
        return (theContext);
    }
    public String getInitParameter(String name) {
        return config.getInitParameter(name);
    }
    public Enumeration getInitParameterNames() {
        return config.getInitParameterNames();
    }
}

【5】StandardWrapperValve类

1）StandardWrapperValve类是 StandardWrapper实例中的基础阀，要完成两个操作（Operations）：

public StandardWrapper() {  // StandardWrapper的构造函数；
        super();
        swValve=new StandardWrapperValve();
        pipeline.setBasic(swValve);
    }

O1）执行与该servlet实例关联的全部过滤器；（干货——这里引入了过滤器）

O2）调用servlet实例的service()方法；

2）完成上述任务后，在 StandardWrapperValve.invoke()方法实现中会执行以下操作（Operations）：

O1）调用StandardWrapper.allocate()方法获取该StandardWrapper实例所表示的 servlet实例；

public void invoke(Request request, Response response,
                       ValveContext valveContext)
        throws IOException, ServletException {
        long t1=System.currentTimeMillis();
        requestCount++;
        // Initialize local variables we may need
        boolean unavailable = false;
        Throwable throwable = null;
        StandardWrapper wrapper = (StandardWrapper) getContainer();
        ServletRequest sreq = request.getRequest();
        ServletResponse sres = response.getResponse();
        Servlet servlet = null;
        HttpServletRequest hreq = null;
        if (sreq instanceof HttpServletRequest)
            hreq = (HttpServletRequest) sreq;
        HttpServletResponse hres = null;
        if (sres instanceof HttpServletResponse)
            hres = (HttpServletResponse) sres;
        // Check for the application being marked unavailable
        if (!((Context) wrapper.getParent()).getAvailable()) {
            hres.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
                           sm.getString("standardContext.isUnavailable"));
            unavailable = true;
        }
        // Check for the servlet being marked unavailable
        if (!unavailable && wrapper.isUnavailable()) {
            log(sm.getString("standardWrapper.isUnavailable",
                             wrapper.getName()));
            if (hres == null) {
                ;       // NOTE - Not much we can do generically
            } else {
                long available = wrapper.getAvailable();
                if ((available > 0L) && (available < Long.MAX_VALUE))
                    hres.setDateHeader("Retry-After", available);
                hres.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
                               sm.getString("standardWrapper.isUnavailable",
                                            wrapper.getName()));
            }
            unavailable = true;
        }
        // Allocate a servlet instance to process this request
        try {
            if (!unavailable) {
                servlet = wrapper.allocate(); // highlight line.
            }
// ......

O2）调用私有方法 createFilterChain()，创建过滤器链；

// Create the filter chain for this request
ApplicationFilterChain filterChain =  createFilterChain(request, servlet); // for create FilterChain方法，本章节末尾；

private ApplicationFilterChain createFilterChain(Request request, Servlet servlet) { 
        if (servlet == null)
            return (null);
        ApplicationFilterChain filterChain =  new ApplicationFilterChain(); 
        filterChain.setServlet(servlet);
        StandardWrapper wrapper = (StandardWrapper) getContainer();
        filterChain.setSupport(wrapper.getInstanceSupport());

        // Acquire the filter mappings for this Context
        StandardContext context = (StandardContext) wrapper.getParent();
        FilterMap filterMaps[] = context.findFilterMaps();

        // If there are no filter mappings, we are done
        if ((filterMaps == null) || (filterMaps.length == 0))
            return (filterChain);

        // Acquire the information we will need to match filter mappings
        String requestPath = null;
        if (request instanceof HttpRequest) {
            HttpServletRequest hreq =
                (HttpServletRequest) request.getRequest();
            String contextPath = hreq.getContextPath();
            if (contextPath == null)
                contextPath = "";
            String requestURI = ((HttpRequest) request).getDecodedRequestURI();
            if (requestURI.length() >= contextPath.length())
                requestPath = requestURI.substring(contextPath.length());
        }
        String servletName = wrapper.getName();
        int n = 0;

        // Add the relevant path-mapped filters to this filter chain
        for (int i = 0; i < filterMaps.length; i++) {
            if (!matchFiltersURL(filterMaps[i], requestPath))
                continue;
            ApplicationFilterConfig filterConfig = (ApplicationFilterConfig)
                context.findFilterConfig(filterMaps[i].getFilterName());
            if (filterConfig == null) {
                continue;
            }
            filterChain.addFilter(filterConfig);
            n++;
        }

        // Add filters that match on servlet name second
        for (int i = 0; i < filterMaps.length; i++) {
            if (!matchFiltersServlet(filterMaps[i], servletName))
                continue;
            ApplicationFilterConfig filterConfig = (ApplicationFilterConfig)
                context.findFilterConfig(filterMaps[i].getFilterName());
            if (filterConfig == null) {
                continue;
            }
            filterChain.addFilter(filterConfig);
            n++;
        }
        return (filterChain);
    }

O3）调用过滤器链的 doFilter()方法，其中包括调用servlet实例的service()方法；

try {
            String jspFile = wrapper.getJspFile();
            if (jspFile != null)
                sreq.setAttribute(Globals.JSP_FILE_ATTR, jspFile);
            else
                sreq.removeAttribute(Globals.JSP_FILE_ATTR);
            if ((servlet != null) && (filterChain != null)) {
                filterChain.doFilter(sreq, sres); // hightlight line.
            }
            sreq.removeAttribute(Globals.JSP_FILE_ATTR);
// ......

public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response) //org.apache.catlina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFileter()
        throws IOException, ServletException {
        if( System.getSecurityManager() != null ) {
            final ServletRequest req = request;
            final ServletResponse res = response;
            try {
                java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
                    new java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction()
                    {
                        public Object run() throws ServletException, IOException {
                            internalDoFilter(req,res); // highlight line. internalDoFilter() 参见文末.
                            return null;
                        }
                    }
                );
            } catch( PrivilegedActionException pe) {
                Exception e = pe.getException();
                if (e instanceof ServletException)
                    throw (ServletException) e;
                else if (e instanceof IOException)
                    throw (IOException) e;
                else if (e instanceof RuntimeException)
                    throw (RuntimeException) e;
                else
                    throw new ServletException(e.getMessage(), e);
            }
        } else {
            internalDoFilter(request,response);
        }
    }

private void internalDoFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)
        throws IOException, ServletException { //org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter().

        // Construct an iterator the first time this method is called
        if (this.iterator == null)
            this.iterator = filters.iterator();

        // Call the next filter if there is one
        if (this.iterator.hasNext()) {
            ApplicationFilterConfig filterConfig =
              (ApplicationFilterConfig) iterator.next();
            Filter filter = null;
            try {
                filter = filterConfig.getFilter();
                support.fireInstanceEvent(InstanceEvent.BEFORE_FILTER_EVENT,
                                          filter, request, response);
                filter.doFilter(request, response, this);
                support.fireInstanceEvent(InstanceEvent.AFTER_FILTER_EVENT,
                                          filter, request, response);
            } //......
            return;
        }

        // We fell off the end of the chain -- call the servlet instance
        try {
            support.fireInstanceEvent(InstanceEvent.BEFORE_SERVICE_EVENT,
                                      servlet, request, response);
            if ((request instanceof HttpServletRequest) &&
                (response instanceof HttpServletResponse)) { 
                servlet.service((HttpServletRequest) request, 
                                (HttpServletResponse) response); // 这不就是你梦寐以求的service()方法吗？哈哈。
            } else {
                servlet.service(request, response); // and this highlight line.
            }
            support.fireInstanceEvent(InstanceEvent.AFTER_SERVICE_EVENT,
                                      servlet, request, response);
        } //......
    }

O4）释放过滤器链；

 try {
            if (filterChain != null)
                filterChain.release(); // highlight line.
        } catch (Throwable e) {
            log(sm.getString("standardWrapper.releaseFilters",
                             wrapper.getName()), e);
            if (throwable == null) {
                throwable = e;
                exception(request, response, e);
            }
        }
void release() { //org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.release()
        this.filters.clear();
        this.iterator = iterator;
        this.servlet = null;
    }

O5）调用Wrapper实例的 deallocate()方法；

  // Deallocate the allocated servlet instance
        try {
            if (servlet != null) {
                wrapper.deallocate(servlet); // highlight line.
            }
        } catch (Throwable e) {
            log(sm.getString("standardWrapper.deallocateException",
                             wrapper.getName()), e);
            if (throwable == null) {
                throwable = e;
                exception(request, response, e);
            }
        }
 public void deallocate(Servlet servlet) throws ServletException { //org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.deallocate()
        // If not SingleThreadModel, no action is required
        if (!singleThreadModel) {
            countAllocated--;
            return;
        }
        synchronized (instancePool) {
            countAllocated--;
            instancePool.push(servlet);
            instancePool.notify();
        }
    }

O6）若该servlet类再也不会被使用到，调用Wrapper实例的unload()方法；

// If this servlet has been marked permanently unavailable,
        // unload it and release this instance
        try {
            if ((servlet != null) &&
                (wrapper.getAvailable() == Long.MAX_VALUE)) {
                wrapper.unload(); // highlight line.
            }
        } // ......
        long t2=System.currentTimeMillis();
        long time=t2-t1;
        processingTime+=time;
        if( time > maxTime ) maxTime=time;
    }

Attention）以上调用过程中，最重要的是对 createFilterChain()方法和过滤器链的 doFilter()方法的调用。createFilterChain()方法创建一个 ApplicationFilterChain实例，并将所有需要应用到该Wrapper实例所代表的servlet实例的过滤器添加到其中；

private ApplicationFilterChain createFilterChain(Request request,
                                                     Servlet servlet) {
        if (servlet == null)
            return (null);
        ApplicationFilterChain filterChain =
          new ApplicationFilterChain();
        filterChain.setServlet(servlet);
        StandardWrapper wrapper = (StandardWrapper) getContainer();
        filterChain.setSupport(wrapper.getInstanceSupport());

        StandardContext context = (StandardContext) wrapper.getParent();
        FilterMap filterMaps[] = context.findFilterMaps();
        if ((filterMaps == null) || (filterMaps.length == 0))
            return (filterChain);

        // Acquire the information we will need to match filter mappings
        String requestPath = null;
        if (request instanceof HttpRequest) {
            HttpServletRequest hreq =
                (HttpServletRequest) request.getRequest();
            String contextPath = hreq.getContextPath();
            if (contextPath == null)
                contextPath = "";
            String requestURI = ((HttpRequest) request).getDecodedRequestURI();
            if (requestURI.length() >= contextPath.length())
                requestPath = requestURI.substring(contextPath.length());
        }
        String servletName = wrapper.getName();
        int n = 0; 
        // Add the relevant path-mapped filters to this filter chain
        for (int i = 0; i < filterMaps.length; i++) {
            if (!matchFiltersURL(filterMaps[i], requestPath)) 
                continue;
            ApplicationFilterConfig filterConfig = (ApplicationFilterConfig)
                context.findFilterConfig(filterMaps[i].getFilterName());
            if (filterConfig == null) {
                continue; 
            }
            filterChain.addFilter(filterConfig); 
            n++;
        }
        // Add filters that match on servlet name second
        for (int i = 0; i < filterMaps.length; i++) {
            if (!matchFiltersServlet(filterMaps[i], servletName)) 
                continue;
            ApplicationFilterConfig filterConfig = (ApplicationFilterConfig)
                context.findFilterConfig(filterMaps[i].getFilterName());
            if (filterConfig == null) {
                continue;
            }
            filterChain.addFilter(filterConfig);
            n++;
        }
        return (filterChain); 
    }
public synchronized void unload() throws ServletException {
        if (!singleThreadModel && (instance == null))
            return;
        unloading = true;
        if (countAllocated > 0) {
            int nRetries = 0;
            while (nRetries < 10) {
                if (nRetries == 0) {
                    log("Waiting for " + countAllocated +
                        " instance(s) to be deallocated");
                }
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(50);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    ;
                }
                nRetries++;
            }
        }
        ClassLoader oldCtxClassLoader =
            Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
        ClassLoader classLoader = instance.getClass().getClassLoader();
        PrintStream out = System.out;
        if (swallowOutput) {
            SystemLogHandler.startCapture();
        }
        try {
            instanceSupport.fireInstanceEvent
              (InstanceEvent.BEFORE_DESTROY_EVENT, instance);
            Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(classLoader);
            instance.destroy();
            instanceSupport.fireInstanceEvent
              (InstanceEvent.AFTER_DESTROY_EVENT, instance);
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            instanceSupport.fireInstanceEvent
              (InstanceEvent.AFTER_DESTROY_EVENT, instance, t);
            instance = null;
            instancePool = null;
            nInstances = 0;
            fireContainerEvent("unload", this);
            unloading = false;
            throw new ServletException
                (sm.getString("standardWrapper.destroyException", getName()),
                 t);
        } finally {
            Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(oldCtxClassLoader);
            if (swallowOutput) {
                String log = SystemLogHandler.stopCapture();
                if (log != null && log.length() > 0) {
                    if (getServletContext() != null) {
                        getServletContext().log(log);
                    } else {
                        out.println(log);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        instance = null;
        if (singleThreadModel && (instancePool != null)) {
            try {
                Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(classLoader);
                while (!instancePool.isEmpty()) {
                    ((Servlet) instancePool.pop()).destroy();
                }
            } catch (Throwable t) {
                instancePool = null;
                nInstances = 0;
                unloading = false;
                fireContainerEvent("unload", this);
                throw new ServletException
                    (sm.getString("standardWrapper.destroyException",
                                  getName()), t);
            } finally {
                Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader
                    (oldCtxClassLoader);
            }
            instancePool = null;
            nInstances = 0;
        }
        singleThreadModel = false;
        unloading = false;
        fireContainerEvent("unload", this); 
    }

【6】 FilterDef类（org.apache.catalina.deploy.FilterDef）

1）intro：FilterDef 是一个过滤器的定义；

2）FilterDef类中的每个属性表示在定义filter元素时声明的子元素。其中Map 类型的变量parameters 存储了初始化过滤器时所需要的所有参数。addInitParameter()方法用于向parameters 中添加新的 name/value 形式的参数名和对应的值；

3）其定义源码如下：

 public final class FilterDef {  // org.apache.catalina.deploy.FilterDef 
    private String description = null;
    public String getDescription() {
        return (this.description);
    }
    public void setDescription(String description) {
        this.description = description;
    } 
    private String displayName = null;

    public String getDisplayName() {
        return (this.displayName);
    }

    public void setDisplayName(String displayName) {
        this.displayName = displayName;
    }
 
    private String filterClass = null;

    public String getFilterClass() {
        return (this.filterClass);
    }

    public void setFilterClass(String filterClass) {
        this.filterClass = filterClass;
    }    
    private String filterName = null;

    public String getFilterName() {
        return (this.filterName);
    }

    public void setFilterName(String filterName) {
        this.filterName = filterName;
    } 
    private String largeIcon = null;

    public String getLargeIcon() {
        return (this.largeIcon);
    }

    public void setLargeIcon(String largeIcon) {
        this.largeIcon = largeIcon;
    }   
    private Map parameters = new HashMap();

    public Map getParameterMap() {
        return (this.parameters);
    }
   
    private String smallIcon = null;

    public String getSmallIcon() {
        return (this.smallIcon);
    }

    public void setSmallIcon(String smallIcon) {
        this.smallIcon = smallIcon;
    } 
    public void addInitParameter(String name, String value) {
        parameters.put(name, value);
    }
   
    public String toString() {
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("FilterDef[");
        sb.append("filterName=");
        sb.append(this.filterName);
        sb.append(", filterClass=");
        sb.append(this.filterClass);
        sb.append("]");
        return (sb.toString());
    }
}

【7】ApplicationFilterConfig类（org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterConfig-应用过滤器配置类）

1）intro：ApplicationFilterConfig类实现了 javax.servlet.FilterConfig接口，该类用于管理web 应用程序第1次启动时创建的所有过滤器实例；

2）类签名：final class ApplicationFilterConfig implements FilterConfig

3）可以通过把一个 org.apache.catalina.Context对象和一个 FilterDef对象传递给 ApplicationFilterConfig类的构造函数来创建一个 ApplicationFilterConfig对象：

public ApplicationFilterConfig(Context context, FilterDef filterDef)
        throws ClassCastException, ClassNotFoundException,
               IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException,
               ServletException {
        super();
        this.context = context;
        setFilterDef(filterDef);
    }

对以上代码的分析（Analysis）：

A1）Context对象表示一个web 应用程序；

A2）FilterDef对象表示一个过滤器的定义；

4）ApplicationFilterConfig.getFilter()方法：会返回一个 javax.servlet.Filter对象，该方法负责载入并实例化一个过滤器类；

public String getFilterName() { // org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterConfig.getFilterName().
        return (filterDef.getFilterName());
}

【8】ApplicationFilterChain类（org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain）

1）intro： ApplicationFilterChain类实现了 javax.servlet.FilterChain接口，StandardWrapperValve.invoke() 方法会创建 ApplicationFilterChain类的一个实例，并调用其 doFilter()方法；

2）Filter接口的doFilter()方法的签名如下：

public interface Filter { // javax.servlet.Filter
 public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException;      
 public void doFilter ( ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain ) throws IOException, ServletException;    
 public void destroy();
}

3）ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter()方法会将 ApplicationFilterChain 类自身作为第3个参数传递给过滤器的 doFilter()方法；

public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response) //org.apache.catalina.ApplicationFilterChain.doFileter().
        throws IOException, ServletException {
        if( System.getSecurityManager() != null ) {
            final ServletRequest req = request;
            final ServletResponse res = response;
            try {
                java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
                    new java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction()
                    {
                        public Object run() throws ServletException, IOException {
                            internalDoFilter(req,res);
                            return null;
                        }
                    }
                );
            } catch( PrivilegedActionException pe) {
                Exception e = pe.getException();
                if (e instanceof ServletException)
                    throw (ServletException) e;
                else if (e instanceof IOException)
                    throw (IOException) e;
                else if (e instanceof RuntimeException)
                    throw (RuntimeException) e;
                else
                    throw new ServletException(e.getMessage(), e);
            }
        } else {
            internalDoFilter(request,response);
        }
    }

4）在Filter.doFilter()方法中，可以通过显示地调用 FileterChain.doFilter()方法来调用另一个过滤器。

对以上代码的分析（Analysis）：

A1）正如你所看到的，在doFilter()方法的最后一行会调用FilterChain.doFilter()方法；

A2)如果某个过滤器时过滤器链中的最后一个过滤器，则会调用被请求的 servlet类的 service()方法。如果过滤器没有调用chain.doFilter()方法，则不会调用后面的过滤器；

【9】应用程序

0）servlet文件目录

1）程序源代码

public final class Bootstrap {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
  //invoke: http://localhost:8080/Modern or  http://localhost:8080/Primitive
    System.setProperty("catalina.base", System.getProperty("user.dir"));
    Connector connector = new HttpConnector();
    Wrapper wrapper1 = new StandardWrapper();
    wrapper1.setName("Primitive");
    wrapper1.setServletClass("servlet.PrimitiveServlet"); // attention for servlet class，要与你的servlet目录相对应；
    Wrapper wrapper2 = new StandardWrapper();
    wrapper2.setName("Modern");
    wrapper2.setServletClass("servlet.ModernServlet");  // attention for servlet class，要与你的servlet目录相对应；

    Context context = new StandardContext();
    // StandardContext's start method adds a default mapper
    context.setPath("/myApp");
    context.setDocBase("myApp");
    LifecycleListener listener = new SimpleContextConfig();
    ((Lifecycle) context).addLifecycleListener(listener);

    context.addChild(wrapper1);
    context.addChild(wrapper2);
    // for simplicity, we don't add a valve, but you can add
    // valves to context or wrapper just as you did in Chapter 6

    Loader loader = new WebappLoader();
    context.setLoader(loader);
    // context.addServletMapping(pattern, name);
    context.addServletMapping("/Primitive", "Primitive");
    context.addServletMapping("/Modern", "Modern");
    // add ContextConfig. This listener is important because it configures
    // StandardContext (sets configured to true), otherwise StandardContext
    // won't start
    connector.setContainer(context);
    try {
      connector.initialize();
      ((Lifecycle) connector).start();
      ((Lifecycle) context).start();

      // make the application wait until we press a key.
      System.in.read();
      ((Lifecycle) context).stop();
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      e.printStackTrace();
    }
  }
}

2）打印结果

E:\bench-cluster\cloud-data-preprocess\HowTomcatWorks\src>java -cp .;lib/servlet.jar;lib/catalina_4_1_24.jar;lib/catalina-5.5.4.jar;lib/naming-common.
jar;lib/commons-collections.jar;lib/naming-resources.jar;lib/;lib/catalina.jar;E:\bench-cluster\cloud-data-preprocess\HowTomcatWorks\webroot com.tomca
t.chapter11.startup.Bootstrap
HttpConnector Opening server socket on all host IP addresses
HttpConnector[8080] Starting background thread
WebappLoader[/myApp]: Deploying class repositories to work directory E:\bench-cluster\cloud-data-preprocess\HowTomcatWorks\src\work\_\_\myApp
StandardManager[/myApp]: Seeding random number generator class java.security.SecureRandom
StandardManager[/myApp]: Seeding of random number generator has been completed
StandardManager[/myApp]: IOException while loading persisted sessions: java.io.EOFException //  // 这是从文件中加载 session对象到内存，由于没有相关文件，所以加载失败，抛出异常，但这不会影响我们访问servlet，大家不要惊慌；  
java.io.EOFException
        at java.io.ObjectInputStream$PeekInputStream.readFully(Unknown Source)
        at java.io.ObjectInputStream$BlockDataInputStream.readShort(Unknown Source)
        at java.io.ObjectInputStream.readStreamHeader(Unknown Source)
        at java.io.ObjectInputStream.<init>(Unknown Source)
        at org.apache.catalina.util.CustomObjectInputStream.<init>(CustomObjectInputStream.java:103)
        at org.apache.catalina.session.StandardManager.load(StandardManager.java:408)
        at org.apache.catalina.session.StandardManager.start(StandardManager.java:655)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.start(StandardContext.java:3570)
        at com.tomcat.chapter11.startup.Bootstrap.main(Bootstrap.java:55)
StandardManager[/myApp]: Exception loading sessions from persistent storage 
java.io.EOFException
        at java.io.ObjectInputStream$PeekInputStream.readFully(Unknown Source)
        at java.io.ObjectInputStream$BlockDataInputStream.readShort(Unknown Source)
        at java.io.ObjectInputStream.readStreamHeader(Unknown Source)
        at java.io.ObjectInputStream.<init>(Unknown Source)
        at org.apache.catalina.util.CustomObjectInputStream.<init>(CustomObjectInputStream.java:103)
        at org.apache.catalina.session.StandardManager.load(StandardManager.java:408)
        at org.apache.catalina.session.StandardManager.start(StandardManager.java:655)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.start(StandardContext.java:3570)
        at com.tomcat.chapter11.startup.Bootstrap.main(Bootstrap.java:55)
ModernServlet -- init