hackerrank infinitum16 E To Infinity and Beyond

题目大意

给定$A,B,C$，求出

$$\sum_{a=0}^A\sum_{b=0}^B \binom{a+b}{a}\sum_{x=1}^{min(A-a,B-b,C)}\binom{A-a-1}{x-1}\binom{B-b-1}{x-1}\binom{C-1}{x-1}$$

答案对$10^9+7$取模。

$A\times B \leq 10^{12},C \leq 10^{12}$

题解

我们把$A,B,C$先减1。
先声明一个重要的公式：

$$\begin{aligned} &\sum_{i=0}^n \binom{i}{x}\binom{n-i}{y} \\ &=\binom{n+1}{x+y+1} \end{aligned}$$
具体的证明可以通过生成函数 $\frac{1}{(1-x)^k}$的乘积来证。
接下来就可以推公式了：
$$\begin{aligned} \large{原式}&\\ &=\sum_{x=0}^{up}\binom{C}{x}\sum_{a=0}^A \binom{a}{x}\sum_{b=0}^B \binom{b}{x}\binom{A+B-a-b}{A-a}\\ &= \sum_{x=0}^{up}\binom{C}{x}\sum_{a=0}^A \binom{a}{x}\binom{A+B-a+1}{A-a+x+1}\\ &= \sum_{x=0}^{up}\binom{C}{x}\sum_{a=0}^A \binom{a}{x}\binom{A+B-a+1}{B-x}\\ &= \sum_{x=0}^{up}\binom{C}{x}\left(\sum_{a=0}^{A+B+1} \binom{a}{x}\binom{A+B-a+1}{B-x}-\sum_{a=A+1}^{A+B+1} \binom{a}{x}\binom{A+B-a+1}{A-a+x+1}\right)\\ &= \sum_{x=0}^{up}\binom{C}{x}\left(\binom{A+B+2}{B+1} -\sum_{a=0}^{B} \binom{a+A+1}{x}\binom{B-a}{x-a}\right)\\ &= \left(\sum_{x=0}^{up}\binom{C}{x}\binom{A+B+2}{B+1} \right)-\left(\sum_{x=0}^{up} \binom{C}{x}\sum_{a=0}^{B} \binom{a+A+1}{x}\binom{B-a}{x-a}\right)\\ &= \left(\sum_{x=0}^{up}\binom{C}{x}\binom{A+B+2}{B+1} \right)-\left(\sum_{x=0}^{up} \binom{C}{x}\sum_{i=0}^{x}\binom{A+1}{i}\sum_{b=0}^B \binom{b}{x-i}\binom{B-b}{B-x}\right)\\ &= \left(\sum_{x=0}^{up}\binom{C}{x}\binom{A+B+2}{B+1} \right)-\left(\sum_{x=0}^{up} \binom{C}{x}\sum_{i=0}^{x}\binom{A+1}{i}\binom{B+1}{B-i+1}\right)\\ &= \left(\sum_{x=0}^{up}\binom{C}{x}\binom{A+B+2}{B+1} \right)-\left(\sum_{i=0}^{up}\binom{A+1}{i}\binom{B+1}{B-i+1}\sum_{x=i}^{up} \binom{C}{x}\right)\\ \end{aligned}$$

因为$A \times B \leq 10^{12}$，因此$up \leq 10^6$，我们只需要预处理出一个后缀和，然后组合数边扫边算，这道题就可以$O(\sqrt{A \times B})$完成了。