Total Harmonic Distortion

振盪器 (英文：oscillator）是用來產生重覆電子訊號（通常是正弦波或方波）的電子電路。

低頻振盪器（low-frequency oscillator，或稱LFO）是指產生頻率在0.1赫茲到10赫茲之間交流訊號的振盪器。這個詞通常用在音訊合成中，用來區別其他的音訊振盪器。

振盪器主要可以分成兩種：諧波振盪器（harmonic oscillator）與弛張振盪器（relaxation oscillator）。

 

諧波(正弦波)振盪器

諧波(正弦波)振盪器是在没有外加输入信号的情况下，依靠电路自激振荡而产生正弦波输出电压的电路。
它的基本原理是把一個窄頻濾波器的輸出接到放大器，又把放大器的輸出接回瀘波器的輸入。當放大器的電源開始供應的瞬間，在放大器的輸出端只有雜訊。這些雜訊傳到窄頻瀘波器，使雜訊中特定部分頻率被濾波出來，出現在濾波器的輸出端。因為濾波器的輸出又接到放大器的輸入，所以濾波後的訊號經由放大器放大，再進入濾波電路濾波…一直到輸出訊號正好是我們所要的訊號為止。

壓電效應晶體（通常指石英）可以用來與濾波器偶合，以穩定振盪頻率；這種振盪器稱為晶體振盪器。

實作諧波振盪器時，可以使用不同的放大與濾波方式，所以有許多不同的實作方法：

• Hartley振盪器
• Colpitts振盪器
• Clapp振盪器
• Pierce晶體振盪器
• 相移振盪器
• RC振盪器（Wien-Bridge振盪器與雙T）
• LC振盪器

 

弛張振盪器

弛張振盪器主要用來產生非正弦波輸出訊號，如方波或三角波。弛張捺盪器內含有像是電晶體之類的非線性元件，可以週期性的把儲存於電容或電感中的能量釋放出來，使得輸出訊號波形瞬間改變。

產生方波的弛張振盪器可以用在序向邏輯電路（如：計時器、計數器）的時脈訊號，雖然通常時脈訊號常會選擇比較穩定的晶體振盪器。

輸出三角波（或稱鋸齒波）的振盪器通常用在以時間為基準、在示波器或電視中的陰極射線管中產生水平反射訊號。在頻率產生器中，三角波也常用來整型以輸出接近正弦波的訊號。

弛張振盪器是一種複振器（multivibrator）。

From: http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%AF%E7%9B%AA%E5%99%A8&variant=zh-ch 

 

Rectifier ：　整流器

　　A nonlinear circuit component that allows more current to flow in one direction than in the other. An ideal rectifier is one that allows current to flow in one (forward) direction unimpeded but allows no current to flow in the other (reverse) direction. Thus, ideal rectification might be thought of as a switching action, with the switch closed for current in one direction and open for current in the other direction. Rectifiers are used primarily for the conversion of alternating current (ac) to direct current (dc). 　

　　非线性元件可以使电流较易流向某一方面

　　

　　A half-wave rectifier circuit is shown in Fig. 1. The rectifier, a diode, is practically ideal. The ac input is applied to the primary of the transformer; secondary voltage e supplies the rectifier and load resistor R_L. The rectifying action of the diode is shown in Fig. 2, in which the current i of the rectifier is plotted against the voltage e_d across the diode. The applied sinusoidal voltage from the transformer secondary is shown under the voltage axis; the resulting current i flowing through the diode is shown at the right to be half-sine loops.

Half-wave diode rectifier. V_d = voltage across diode. Ideal diode allows current i to flow only in forward direction from A to B.

Rectifying action of half-wave diode rectifier. t = time; ? = angular frequency of input voltage.

　　A full-wave rectifier circuit uses two separate diodes. The resulting current wave shape is shown in Fig. 3. A more continuous flow of direct current is produced because the first diode conducts for the positive half-cycle and the second diode conducts for the negative half-cycle.

Applied voltage and output current of full-wave rectifier.

　　When high dc power is required by an electronic circuit, a polyphase rectifier circuit may be used. It is also desirable when expensive filters must be used. This is particularly true of power supplies for the final radio-frequency and audiofrequency stages of large radio and television transmitters.

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Half-wave rectification

A half wave rectifier is a special case of a clipper. In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed easily while the other half is blocked, depending on the polarity of the rectifier. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, it is very inefficient if used for power transfer. Half wave rectification can be achieved with a single diode in a one phase supply.

Full-wave rectification

Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC, and is more efficient. However, in a circuit with a non-center tapped transformer, four rectifiers are required instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification. This is due to each output polarity requiring 2 rectifiers each, for example, one for when AC terminal 'X' is positive and one for when AC terminal 'Y' is positive. The other DC output requires exactly the same, resulting in four individual junctions (See semiconductors/diode). Four rectifiers arranged this way are called a bridge rectifier:

A full wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output by reversing the negative (or positive) portions of the alternating current waveform. The positive (negative) portions thus combine with the reversed negative (positive) portions to produce an entirely positive(negative) voltage/current waveform.

For single phase AC, if the AC is center-tapped, then two diodes back-to-back (i.e. anodes-to-anode or cathode-to-cathode) form a full wave rectifier.

More: 　http://www.answers.com/rectifier