《C++ Primer Plus》（第6版）第13章编程练习

《C++ Primer Plus》（第6版）第13章编程练习

1. Cd类

以下面的类声明为基础：

class Cd {                    //represents a CD disk
private:
    char performers[50];
    char label[20];
    int selections;          //number of selections
    double playtime;        //playing time in minute
public:
    Cd(char* s1, char* s2, int n, double x);
    Cd(const Cd& d);
    Cd();
    ~Cd();
    void Report() const; //reports all CD data
    Cd& operator=(const Cd& d);
};

派生出一个Classic类，并添加一组char成员，用于存储指出CD中主要作品的字符串。修改上述声明，使基类的搜有函数都是虚的。如果上述定义声明的某个方法并不需要，则请删除它。使用下面的程序测试您的产品：

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include"classic.h"

void Bravo(const Cd& disk);

int main()
{
    Cd c1("beatles", "Capitol", 14, 35.5);
    Classic c2 = Classic("Piano Sonata in B flat, Fantasia in C", "Alfred Brendel", "Philips", 2, 57.17);
    Cd* pcd = &c1;
    cout << "Using object directly:\n";
    c1.Report(); //use Cd method
    c2.Report(); //use Classic method
    cout << "Using type cd *pointer to objects:\n";
    pcd->Report(); //use Cd method for cd object
    pcd = &c2;
    pcd->Report(); //use Classic method for classic object
    cout << "Calling a function with a Cd reference argument:\n";
    Bravo(c1);
    Bravo(c2);
    cout << "Testing assignment: ";
    Classic copy;
    copy = c2;
    copy.Report();
    
    return 0;
}

void Bravo(const Cd& disk)
{
    disk.Report();
}

代码：

cd.h：

#ifndef CD_H_
#define CD_H_

class Cd
{ // represents a CD disk
private:
    char performers[50];
    char label[20];
    int selections;  // number of selections
    double playtime; // playing time in minute

public:
    Cd(char *s1, char *s2, int n, double x);
    Cd(const Cd &d);
    Cd();
    virtual ~Cd();
    virtual void Report() const; // reports all CD data
    virtual Cd &operator=(const Cd &d);
};

#endif

cd.cpp：

#include "cd.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>

Cd::Cd(char *s1, char *s2, int n, double x)
{
    strncpy(performers, s1, 49);
    performers[49] = '\0';
    strncpy(label, s2, 19);
    label[19] = '\0';
    selections = n;
    playtime = x;
}
Cd::Cd(const Cd &d)
{
    strncpy(performers, d.performers, 49);
    performers[49] = '\0';
    strncpy(label, d.label, 19);
    label[19] = '\0';
    selections = d.selections;
    playtime = d.playtime;
}
Cd::Cd()
{
    performers[0] = '\0';
    label[0] = '\0';
    selections = 0;
    playtime = 0.0;
}
Cd::~Cd()
{
}
void Cd::Report() const
{
    using std::cout;
    using std::endl;
    cout << "Information:\n";
    cout << "Performers: " << performers << endl;
    cout << "Label: " << label << endl;
    cout << "Selections: " << selections << endl;
    cout << "Playtime: " << playtime << endl;
}
Cd &Cd::operator=(const Cd &d)
{
    if (this == &d)
        return *this;
    strncpy(performers, d.performers, 49);
    performers[49] = '\0';
    strncpy(label, d.label, 19);
    label[19] = '\0';
    selections = d.selections;
    playtime = d.playtime;
    return *this;
}

classic.h：

#ifndef CLASSIC_H_
#define CLASSIC_H_

#include "cd.h"

class Classic : public Cd
{
private:
    char majorWorks[50];

public:
    Classic(char *m, char *s1, char *s2, int n, double x);
    Classic(char *m, const Cd &cd);
    Classic();
    virtual ~Classic();
    virtual void Report() const;
    virtual Classic &operator=(const Classic &c);
};

#endif

classic.cpp：

#include "classic.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>

Classic::Classic(char *m, char *s1, char *s2, int n, double x) : Cd(s1, s2, n, x)
{
    strncpy(majorWorks, m, 49);
    majorWorks[49] = '\0';
}
Classic::Classic(char *m, const Cd &cd) : Cd(cd)
{
    strncpy(majorWorks, m, 49);
    majorWorks[49] = '\0';
}
Classic::Classic() : Cd()
{
    majorWorks[0] = '\0';
}
Classic::~Classic()
{
}
void Classic::Report() const
{
    using std::cout;
    using std::endl;
    Cd::Report();
    cout << "Major works: " << majorWorks << endl;
}
Classic &Classic::operator=(const Classic &c)
{

    if (this == &c)
        return *this;
    Cd::operator=(c);
    strncpy(majorWorks, c.majorWorks, 49);
    majorWorks[49] = '\0';
    return *this;
}

main.cpp：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "classic.h"

void Bravo(const Cd &disk);

int main()
{
    Cd c1("beatles", "Capitol", 14, 35.5);
    Classic c2 = Classic("Piano Sonata in B flat, Fantasia in C", "Alfred Brendel", "Philips", 2, 57.17);
    Cd *pcd = &c1;
    cout << "Using object directly:\n";
    c1.Report(); // use Cd method
    c2.Report(); // use Classic method
    cout << "Using type cd *pointer to objects:\n";
    pcd->Report(); // use Cd method for cd object
    pcd = &c2;
    pcd->Report(); // use Classic method for classic object
    cout << "Calling a function with a Cd reference argument:\n";
    Bravo(c1);
    Bravo(c2);
    cout << "Testing assignment: ";
    Classic copy;
    copy = c2;
    copy.Report();

    system("pause");
    return 0;
}

void Bravo(const Cd &disk)
{
    disk.Report();
}

运行结果：

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.19044.2728]
(c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。

C:\Users\81228\Documents\Program\VScode C++ Program\chapter13\13.1>g++ cd.cpp classic.cpp main.cpp -o main
main.cpp: In function 'int main()':
main.cpp:9:41: warning: ISO C++ forbids converting a string constant to 'char*' [-Wwrite-strings]
     Cd c1("beatles", "Capitol", 14, 35.5);
                                         ^
main.cpp:9:41: warning: ISO C++ forbids converting a string constant to 'char*' [-Wwrite-strings]
main.cpp:10:104: warning: ISO C++ forbids converting a string constant to 'char*' [-Wwrite-strings]
     Classic c2 = Classic("Piano Sonata in B flat, Fantasia in C", "Alfred Brendel", "Philips", 2, 57.17);
                                                                                                        ^
main.cpp:10:104: warning: ISO C++ forbids converting a string constant to 'char*' [-Wwrite-strings]
main.cpp:10:104: warning: ISO C++ forbids converting a string constant to 'char*' [-Wwrite-strings]

C:\Users\81228\Documents\Program\VScode C++ Program\chapter13\13.1>main
Using object directly:
Information:
Performers: beatles
Label: Capitol
Selections: 14
Playtime: 35.5
Information:
Performers: Alfred Brendel
Label: Philips
Selections: 2
Playtime: 57.17
Major works: Piano Sonata in B flat, Fantasia in C
Using type cd *pointer to objects:
Information:
Performers: beatles
Label: Capitol
Selections: 14
Playtime: 35.5
Information:
Performers: Alfred Brendel
Label: Philips
Selections: 2
Playtime: 57.17
Major works: Piano Sonata in B flat, Fantasia in C
Calling a function with a Cd reference argument:  
Information:
Performers: beatles
Label: Capitol
Selections: 14
Playtime: 35.5
Information:
Performers: Alfred Brendel
Label: Philips
Selections: 2
Playtime: 57.17
Major works: Piano Sonata in B flat, Fantasia in C
Testing assignment: Information:
Performers: Alfred Brendel
Label: Philips
Selections: 2
Playtime: 57.17
Major works: Piano Sonata in B flat, Fantasia in C
请按任意键继续. . .

C:\Users\81228\Documents\Program\VScode C++ Program\chapter13\13.1>

2. 使用动态内存分配重做练习1

完成练习1，但让两个类使用动态内存分配而不是长度固定的数组来记录字符串。

代码：

cd.h

#ifndef CD_H_
#define CD_H_

class Cd
{ // represents a CD disk
private:
    char *performers;
    char *label;
    int selections;  // number of selections
    double playtime; // playing time in minute

public:
    Cd(char *s1, char *s2, int n, double x);
    Cd(const Cd &d);
    Cd();
    virtual ~Cd();
    virtual void Report() const; // reports all CD data
    virtual Cd &operator=(const Cd &d);
};

#endif

cd.cpp：

#include "cd.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using std::strcpy;
using std::strlen;

Cd::Cd(char *s1, char *s2, int n, double x)
{
    performers = new char[strlen(s1) + 1];
    strcpy(performers, s1);
    label = new char[strlen(s2) + 1];
    strcpy(label, s2);
    selections = n;
    playtime = x;
}
Cd::Cd(const Cd &d)
{
    performers = new char[strlen(d.performers) + 1];
    strcpy(performers, d.performers);
    label = new char[strlen(d.label) + 1];
    strcpy(label, d.label);
    selections = d.selections;
    playtime = d.playtime;
}
Cd::Cd()
{
    performers = new char[1];
    strcpy(performers, "\0");
    label = new char[1];
    strcpy(label, "\0");
    selections = 0;
    playtime = 0.0;
}
Cd::~Cd()
{
    delete[] performers;
    delete[] label;
}
void Cd::Report() const
{
    using std::cout;
    using std::endl;
    cout << "Information:\n";
    cout << "Performers: " << performers << endl;
    cout << "Label: " << label << endl;
    cout << "Selections: " << selections << endl;
    cout << "Playtime: " << playtime << endl;
}
Cd &Cd::operator=(const Cd &d)
{
    if (this == &d)
        return *this;
    delete[] performers;
    delete[] label;
    performers = new char[strlen(d.performers) + 1];
    strcpy(performers, d.performers);
    label = new char[strlen(d.label) + 1];
    strcpy(label, d.label);
    selections = d.selections;
    playtime = d.playtime;
    return *this;
}

classic.h：

#ifndef CLASSIC_H_
#define CLASSIC_H_

#include "cd.h"

class Classic : public Cd
{
private:
    char *majorWorks;

public:
    Classic(char *m, char *s1, char *s2, int n, double x);
    Classic(char *m, const Cd &cd);
    Classic();
    virtual ~Classic();
    virtual void Report() const;
    virtual Classic &operator=(const Classic &c);
};

#endif

classic.cpp：

#include "classic.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using std::strcpy;
using std::strlen;

Classic::Classic(char *m, char *s1, char *s2, int n, double x) : Cd(s1, s2, n, x)
{
    majorWorks = new char[strlen(m) + 1];
    strcpy(majorWorks, m);
}
Classic::Classic(char *m, const Cd &cd) : Cd(cd)
{
    majorWorks = new char[strlen(m) + 1];
    strcpy(majorWorks, m);
}
Classic::Classic() : Cd()
{
    majorWorks = new char[1];
    strcpy(majorWorks, "\0");
}
Classic::~Classic()
{
    delete[] majorWorks;
}
void Classic::Report() const
{
    using std::cout;
    using std::endl;
    Cd::Report();
    cout << "Major works: " << majorWorks << endl;
}
Classic &Classic::operator=(const Classic &c)
{

    if (this == &c)
        return *this;
    Cd::operator=(c);
    majorWorks = new char[strlen(c.majorWorks) + 1];
    strcpy(majorWorks, c.majorWorks);
    return *this;
}

main.cpp与练习1的main.cpp相同。

运行结果：

C:\Users\81228\Documents\Program\VScode C++ Program\chapter13\13.2>g++ cd.cpp classic.cpp main.cpp -o main
main.cpp: In function 'int main()':
main.cpp:9:41: warning: ISO C++ forbids converting a string constant to 'char*' [-Wwrite-strings]
     Cd c1("beatles", "Capitol", 14, 35.5);
                                         ^
main.cpp:9:41: warning: ISO C++ forbids converting a string constant to 'char*' [-Wwrite-strings]
main.cpp:10:104: warning: ISO C++ forbids converting a string constant to 'char*' [-Wwrite-strings]
     Classic c2 = Classic("Piano Sonata in B flat, Fantasia in C", "Alfred Brendel", "Philips", 2, 57.17);
                                                                                                        ^
main.cpp:10:104: warning: ISO C++ forbids converting a string constant to 'char*' [-Wwrite-strings]
main.cpp:10:104: warning: ISO C++ forbids converting a string constant to 'char*' [-Wwrite-strings]

C:\Users\81228\Documents\Program\VScode C++ Program\chapter13\13.2>main
Using object directly:
Information:
Performers: beatles
Label: Capitol
Selections: 14
Playtime: 35.5
Information:
Performers: Alfred Brendel
Label: Philips
Selections: 2
Playtime: 57.17
Major works: Piano Sonata in B flat, Fantasia in C
Using type cd *pointer to objects:
Information:
Performers: beatles
Label: Capitol
Selections: 14
Playtime: 35.5
Information:
Performers: Alfred Brendel
Label: Philips
Selections: 2
Playtime: 57.17
Major works: Piano Sonata in B flat, Fantasia in C
Calling a function with a Cd reference argument:
Information:
Performers: beatles
Label: Capitol
Selections: 14
Playtime: 35.5
Information:
Performers: Alfred Brendel
Label: Philips
Selections: 2
Playtime: 57.17
Major works: Piano Sonata in B flat, Fantasia in C
Testing assignment: Information:
Performers: Alfred Brendel
Label: Philips
Selections: 2
Playtime: 57.17
Major works: Piano Sonata in B flat, Fantasia in C
请按任意键继续. . .

C:\Users\81228\Documents\Program\VScode C++ Program\chapter13\13.2>

3. baseDMA、lacksDMA、hasDMA类

修改baseDMA-lacksDMA-hasDMA类层次，让三个类都从一个ABC派生而来，然后使用与程序清单13.10相似的程序对结果进行测试。也就是说，它应使用ABC指针数组，并让用户决定要创建的对象类型。在类定义中添加virtual View()方法以处理数据显示。

代码：

dma.h：

#ifndef DMA_H_
#define DMA_H_

#include <iostream>

class ABC
{
public:
    ABC(){};
    ~ABC(){};
    virtual void View() = 0;
};

class baseDMA : public ABC
{
private:
    char *label;
    int rating;

public:
    baseDMA(const char *l = "null", int r = 0);
    baseDMA(const baseDMA &rs);
    virtual ~baseDMA();
    baseDMA &operator=(const baseDMA &rs);
    friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const baseDMA &rs);
    virtual void View();
};

class lacksDMA : public baseDMA
{
private:
    enum
    {
        COL_LEN = 40
    };
    char color[COL_LEN];

public:
    lacksDMA(const char *c = "blank", const char *l = "null", int r = 0);
    lacksDMA(const char *c, const baseDMA &rs);
    friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const lacksDMA &rs);
    virtual void View();
};
class hasDMA : public baseDMA
{
private:
    char *style;

public:
    hasDMA(const char *s = "none", const char *l = "null", int r = 0);
    hasDMA(const char *s, const baseDMA &rs);
    hasDMA(const hasDMA &hs);
    ~hasDMA();
    hasDMA &operator=(const hasDMA &hs);
    friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const hasDMA &hs);
    virtual void View();
};

#endif

dma.cpp：

#include "dma.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::strcpy;
using std::strlen;
using std::strncpy;

// baseDMA methods
baseDMA::baseDMA(const char *l, int r)
{
    label = new char[strlen(l) + 1];
    strcpy(label, l);
    rating = r;
}
baseDMA::baseDMA(const baseDMA &rs)
{
    label = new char[strlen(rs.label) + 1];
    strcpy(label, rs.label);
    rating = rs.rating;
}
baseDMA::~baseDMA()
{
    delete[] label;
}
baseDMA &baseDMA::operator=(const baseDMA &rs)
{
    if (this == &rs)
        return *this;
    delete[] label;
    label = new char[strlen(rs.label) + 1];
    strcpy(label, rs.label);
    rating = rs.rating;
    return *this;
}
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const baseDMA &rs)
{
    os << "Label: " << rs.label << endl;
    os << "Rating: " << rs.rating << endl;
    return os;
}
void baseDMA::View()
{
    cout << "Label: " << label << endl;
    cout << "Rating: " << rating << endl;
}

// lacksDMA methods
lacksDMA::lacksDMA(const char *c, const char *l, int r) : baseDMA(l, r)
{
    strncpy(color, c, 39);
    color[39] = '\0';
}
lacksDMA::lacksDMA(const char *c, const baseDMA &rs) : baseDMA(rs)
{
    strncpy(color, c, COL_LEN - 1);
    color[COL_LEN - 1] = '\0';
}
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const lacksDMA &ls)
{
    os << (const baseDMA &)ls;
    os << "Color: " << ls.color << endl;
    return os;
}
void lacksDMA::View()
{
    baseDMA::View();
    cout << "Color: " << color << endl;
}

// hasDMA methods
hasDMA::hasDMA(const char *s, const char *l, int r) : baseDMA(l, r)
{
    style = new char[strlen(s) + 1];
    strcpy(style, s);
}
hasDMA::hasDMA(const char *s, const baseDMA &rs) : baseDMA(rs)
{
    style = new char[strlen(s) + 1];
    strcpy(style, s);
}
hasDMA::hasDMA(const hasDMA &hs) : baseDMA(hs)
{
    style = new char[strlen(hs.style) + 1];
    strcpy(style, hs.style);
}
hasDMA::~hasDMA()
{
    delete[] style;
}
hasDMA &hasDMA::operator=(const hasDMA &hs)
{
    if (this == &hs)
        return *this;
    baseDMA::operator=(hs);
    delete[] style;
    style = new char[strlen(hs.style) + 1];
    strcpy(style, hs.style);
    return *this;
}
std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const hasDMA &hs)
{
    os << (const baseDMA &)hs;
    os << "Style: " << hs.style << endl;
    return os;
}
void hasDMA::View()
{
    baseDMA::View();
    cout << "Style: " << style << endl;
}

main.cpp：

#include "dma.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int n;

    cout << "How many DMAs do you have? ";
    cin >> n;

    ABC *p_dma[n];
    char *t_label = new char[50];
    int t_rating;
    int kind;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        cout << "Enter label: ";
        cin.getline(t_label, 50);
        cout << "Enter rating: ";
        cin >> t_rating;
        cout << "Enter 1 for baseDMA or 2 for lacksDMA or 3 for hasDMA: ";
        while (cin >> kind && kind != 1 && kind != 2 && kind != 3)
            cout << "Enter either 1 or 2 or 3: ";
        cin.ignore();
        switch (kind)
        {
        case 1:
            p_dma[i] = new baseDMA(t_label, t_rating);
            break;
        case 2:
            char t_color[40];
            cout << "Enter color: ";
            cin.getline(t_color, 40);
            p_dma[i] = new lacksDMA(t_color, t_label, t_rating);
            break;
        case 3:
            char *t_style = new char[20];
            cout << "Enter style: ";
            cin.getline(t_style, 20);
            p_dma[i] = new hasDMA(t_style, t_label, t_rating);
            break;
        }
        while (cin.get() != '\n')
            continue;
    }
    cout << endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        p_dma[i]->View();
        cout << endl;
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        delete p_dma[i];
    }
    cout << "Done.\n"
         << endl;

    system("pause");
    return 0;
}

运行结果：

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.19044.2728]
(c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。

C:\Users\81228\Documents\Program\VScode C++ Program\chapter13\13.3>g++ dma.cpp main.cpp -o main

C:\Users\81228\Documents\Program\VScode C++ Program\chapter13\13.3>main
Enter label: Portabelly
Enter rating: 8
Enter 1 for baseDMA or 2 for lacksDMA or 3 for hasDMA: 1

Enter label: Blimpo
Enter rating: 4
Enter 1 for baseDMA or 2 for lacksDMA or 3 for hasDMA: 2
Enter color: red

Enter label: Buffalo Keys
Enter rating: 5
Enter 1 for baseDMA or 2 for lacksDMA or 3 for hasDMA: 3
Enter style: Mercator

Enter label: lable1
Enter rating: 10
Enter 1 for baseDMA or 2 for lacksDMA or 3 for hasDMA: 1

Enter label: lable2
Enter rating: 3
Enter 1 for baseDMA or 2 for lacksDMA or 3 for hasDMA: 1

Enter label: lable3
Enter rating: 1
Enter 1 for baseDMA or 2 for lacksDMA or 3 for hasDMA: 9
Enter either 1 or 2 or 3: 1


Label: Portabelly
Rating: 8

Label: Blimpo
Rating: 4
Color: red

Label: Buffalo Keys
Rating: 5
Style: Mercator

Label: lable1
Rating: 10

Label: lable2
Rating: 3

Label: lable3
Rating: 1

Done.

请按任意键继续. . .

C:\Users\81228\Documents\Program\VScode C++ Program\chapter13\13.3>

4. Port类和VintagePort类

Benevolent Order of Programmers用来维护瓶装葡萄酒箱。为描述它，BOP Portmaster设置了一个Port类，并声明如下：

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Port
{
private:
    char *brand;
    char style[20]; // i.e., tawny, ruby, vintage
    int bottles;

public:
    Port(const char *br = "none", const char *st = "none", int b = 0);
    Port(const Port &p); // copy constructor
    virtual ~Port() { delete[] brand; }
    Port &operator=(const Port &p);
    Port &operator+=(int b); // add b to bottles
    Port &operator-=(int b); // subtracts b from bottles , if available
    int BottleCount() const { return bottles; }
    virtual void Show() const;
    friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const Port &p);
};

show()方法按下面的格式显示信息：

Brand : Gallo
Kind : tawny
Bottles : 20

operator<<()函数按下面的格式显示信息（末尾没有换行符）：

Gallo, tawny, 20

PortMaster完成了Port类的方法定义后派生了VintagePort类，然后被解职——因为不小心将一瓶45度Cockburn泼到了正在准备烤肉调料的人身上，VintagePort类如下显示：

class VintagePort : public Port //style necessarily = "vintage"
{
private:
    char* nickname; //i.e. , "The Noble" or "Old Velvet", etc.
    int year; //vintage year
public:
    VintagePort();
    VintagePort(const char* br, const char* st, int b, const char* nn, int y);
    VintagePort(const VintagePort& vp);
    ~VintagePort() { delete[] nickname; }
    VintagePort& operator = (const VintagePort& vp);
    void show() const;
    friend ostream& operator <<(ostream& os, const VintagePort& vp);
};

您被制定指定负责完成VintagePort。
a.第一个任务是重新创建Port方法定义，因为前任被开除时销毁了方法定义。
b.第二个任务是解释为什么有的方法重新定义了，而有些没有重新定义。
c.第三个任务解释为何没有将operator = () 和operator << ()声明为虚的。
d.第四个任务是提供VintagePort中各个方法的定义。

答：

a.第一个任务是重新创建Port方法定义，因为前任被开除时销毁了方法定义。

#include "port.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

Port::Port(const char *br, const char *st, int b)
{
    brand = new char[strlen(br) + 1];
    strcpy(brand, br);
    strcpy(style, st);
    bottles = b;
}
Port::Port(const Port &p) // copy constructor
{
    brand = new char[strlen(p.brand) + 1];
    strcpy(brand, p.brand);
    strcpy(style, p.style);
    bottles = p.bottles;
}
Port &Port::operator=(const Port &p)
{
    if (this == &p)
        return *this;
    delete[] brand;
    brand = new char[strlen(p.brand) + 1];
    strcpy(brand, p.brand);
    strcpy(style, p.style);
    bottles = p.bottles;
    return *this;
}
Port &Port::operator+=(int b) // add b to bottles
{
    bottles += b;
    return *this;
}
Port &Port::operator-=(int b) // subtracts b from bottles , if available
{
    bottles -= b;
    return *this;
}
void Port::Show() const
{
    cout << "Brand: " << brand << endl;
    cout << "Kind: " << style << endl;
    cout << "Bottles: " << bottles << endl;
}
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const Port &p)
{
    os << p.brand << "," << p.style << "," << p.bottles;
    return os;
}

b.第二个任务是解释为什么有的方法重新定义了，而有些没有重新定义。

当派生类成员函数需要处理派生类独有的成员变量时，需要重新定义方法，如果不需要处理派生类独有的成员变量，直接调用基类的方法即可。

c.第三个任务解释为何没有将operator = () 和operator << ()声明为虚的。

a).如果要在派生类中重新定义基类的方法，则将它设置为虚方法。但是基类的operator = () 和派生类的operator = () 形参不一样，根本不是一个类方法，不存在重新定义的问题，因从也不必声明为虚的。
b).operator<<()函数是友元函数，友元函数不能是虚函数，因为友元不是类成员，而只有类成员才能是虚函数。

d.第四个任务是提供VintagePort中各个方法的定义。

#include "VintagePort.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

VintagePort::VintagePort() : Port()
{
}
VintagePort::VintagePort(const char *br, const char *st, int b, const char *nn, int y) : Port(br, st, b)
{
    nickname = new char[strlen(nn) + 1];
    strcpy(nickname, nn);
    int year = y;
}
VintagePort::VintagePort(const VintagePort &vp) : Port(vp)
{
    nickname = new char[strlen(vp.nickname) + 1];
    strcpy(nickname, vp.nickname);
    int year = vp.year;
}
VintagePort &VintagePort::operator=(const VintagePort &vp)
{
    if (this == &vp)
        return *this;
    Port::operator=(vp);
    delete[] nickname;
    nickname = new char[strlen(vp.nickname) + 1];
    strcpy(nickname, vp.nickname);
    strcpy(nickname, vp.nickname);
    year = vp.year;
    return *this;
}
void VintagePort::show() const
{
    Port::Show();
    cout << "Nick Name: " << nickname << endl;
    cout << "Year: " << year << endl;
}
ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const VintagePort &vp)
{
    os << (const Port &)vp;
    os << vp.nickname << "," << vp.year;
    return os;
}