数据结构（十七）

05-树9 Huffman Codes（30 分）

In 1953, David A. Huffman published his paper "A Method for the Construction of Minimum-Redundancy Codes", and hence printed his name in the history of computer science. As a professor who gives the final exam problem on Huffman codes, I am encountering a big problem: the Huffman codes are NOT unique. For example, given a string "aaaxuaxz", we can observe that the frequencies of the characters 'a', 'x', 'u' and 'z' are 4, 2, 1 and 1, respectively. We may either encode the symbols as {'a'=0, 'x'=10, 'u'=110, 'z'=111}, or in another way as {'a'=1, 'x'=01, 'u'=001, 'z'=000}, both compress the string into 14 bits. Another set of code can be given as {'a'=0, 'x'=11, 'u'=100, 'z'=101}, but {'a'=0, 'x'=01, 'u'=011, 'z'=001} is NOT correct since "aaaxuaxz" and "aazuaxax" can both be decoded from the code 00001011001001. The students are submitting all kinds of codes, and I need a computer program to help me determine which ones are correct and which ones are not.

Input Specification:

Each input file contains one test case. For each case, the first line gives an integer $N$ ($2\le N\le 63$), then followed by a line that contains all the $N$ distinct characters and their frequencies in the following format:

c[1] f[1] c[2] f[2] ... c[N] f[N]

where c[i] is a character chosen from {'0' - '9', 'a' - 'z', 'A' - 'Z', '_'}, and f[i] is the frequency of c[i] and is an integer no more than 1000. The next line gives a positive integer $M$ ($\le 1000$), then followed by $M$ student submissions. Each student submission consists of $N$ lines, each in the format:

c[i] code[i]

where c[i] is the i-th character and code[i] is an non-empty string of no more than 63 '0's and '1's.

Output Specification:

For each test case, print in each line either "Yes" if the student's submission is correct, or "No" if not.

Note: The optimal solution is not necessarily generated by Huffman algorithm. Any prefix code with code length being optimal is considered correct.

Sample Input:

7
A 1 B 1 C 1 D 3 E 3 F 6 G 6
4
A 00000
B 00001
C 0001
D 001
E 01
F 10
G 11
A 01010
B 01011
C 0100
D 011
E 10
F 11
G 00
A 000
B 001
C 010
D 011
E 100
F 101
G 110
A 00000
B 00001
C 0001
D 001
E 00
F 10
G 11

Sample Output:

Yes
Yes
No
No

#include<iostream>  
#include <string>  
using namespace std;  
#define MaxNum 64  
  
struct TreeNode//树的结点  
{  
    int Weight=0;  
    TreeNode *Left=nullptr;  
    TreeNode *Right=nullptr;  
};  
  
struct HeapNode//堆  
{  
    TreeNode Data[MaxNum];  
    int Size=0;  
};  
  
HeapNode *CreateHeap(int N)//创建一个新的小根堆  
{  
    HeapNode *H=new(HeapNode);  
    H->Data[0].Weight=-1;  
    return H;  
}  
  
TreeNode *DeleteMin(HeapNode *H)//从堆中删除一个结点  
{  
    int Parent=0,Child=0;  
    TreeNode temp;  
    TreeNode *MinItem=new(TreeNode);  
    *MinItem=H->Data[1];  
      
    temp=(H->Data[(H->Size)--]);  
      
    for (Parent = 1; Parent*2 <= H->Size ; Parent=Child)//寻找删除结点前堆中最后一个结点在新堆中的插入位置  
    {  
        Child=Parent*2;  
        if ((Child!=H->Size)&&((H->Data[Child].Weight)>(H->Data[Child+1].Weight)))  
        {  
            Child++;  
        }  
        if ((temp.Weight)<=(H->Data[Child].Weight))  
        {  
            break;  
        }else  
        {  
            H->Data[Parent]=H->Data[Child];  
        }  
          
    }  
    H->Data[Parent]=temp;  
    return MinItem;  
      
}  
  
void Insert(HeapNode *H,TreeNode *item)//插入新结点到堆中  
{  
    int i=0;  
    i=++(H->Size);  
    for (;H->Data[i/2].Weight>item->Weight; i/=2)  
    {  
        H->Data[i]=H->Data[i/2];  
          
    }  
    H->Data[i]=*item;  
      
}  
  
HeapNode *ReadData(int N,HeapNode *H,int A[])//读取各个节点的权值输入数据  
{  
    char s='\0';  
    int value=0;  
    for (int i=0; i<N; ++i)  
    {  
        cin>>s;  
        cin>>value;  
        A[i]=value;  
        TreeNode *T=new(TreeNode);  
        T->Weight=value;  
        Insert(H, T);  
    }  
    return H;  
}  
  
TreeNode *Huffman(HeapNode *H)//构建Huffman树  
{  
    TreeNode *T=nullptr;  
    int num=H->Size;  
    for (int i=0; i<num-1; ++i)  
    {  
        T=new(TreeNode);  
        T->Left=DeleteMin(H);  
          
        T->Right=DeleteMin(H);  
          
        T->Weight=T->Left->Weight+T->Right->Weight;  
        Insert(H, T);  
          
    }  
    T=DeleteMin(H);  
    return T;  
}  
  
int WPL(TreeNode *T,int Depth)//计算Huffman树的编码长度  
{  
    if ((T->Left==nullptr)&&(T->Right==nullptr))  
    {  
        return Depth*(T->Weight);  
    }else  
    {  
        return (WPL(T->Left,Depth+1)+WPL(T->Right,Depth+1));  
    }  
}  
struct JNode  
{  
    int Flag=0;  
    JNode *Left=nullptr;  
    JNode *Right=nullptr;  
      
};  
bool Judge(string S,JNode *J)//判断该次编码能否符合前缀编码的要求  
{  
    int i=0;  
    for (; i<S.length(); ++i)  
    {  
        if (S[i]=='0')  
        {  
            if (J->Left==nullptr)  
            {  
                JNode *J_1=new(JNode);  
                J->Left=J_1;  
            }else  
            {  
                if (J->Left->Flag==1)  
                {  
                    return false;  
                }  
            }  
            J=J->Left;  
        }else  
        {  
            if (J->Right==nullptr)  
            {  
                JNode *J_1=new(JNode);  
                J->Right=J_1;  
            }else  
            {  
                if (J->Right->Flag==1)  
                {  
                    return false;  
                }  
            }  
            J=J->Right;  
        }  
    }  
    J->Flag=1;  
    if (J->Left==nullptr&&J->Right==nullptr)  
    {  
        return true;  
    }else  
    {  
        return false;  
    }  
}  
  
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])  
{  
    int N=0,n=0;  
    cin>>N;  
    HeapNode *H=CreateHeap(N);  
    int Value[MaxNum]={};  
    H=ReadData(N,H,Value);  
      
    TreeNode *T=Huffman(H);  
      
    int CodeLen=WPL(T,0);  
      
    cin>>n;  
    string temp="\0";  
    char c='\0';  
    bool result=false;  
      
      
    for (int i=0; i<n; ++i)  
    {  
        int count=0,flag=0;  
        JNode *J=new(JNode);  
        for (int k=0; k<N; ++k)  
        {  
            cin>>c>>temp;  
            count+=temp.length()*Value[k];  
            if (!flag)  
            {  
                result=Judge(temp,J);  
                if (!result)  
                {  
                    flag=1;  
                }  
            }  
              
              
        }  
        delete J;  
        if (result&&(count==CodeLen))//前缀编码且编码长度之和与Huffman编码相同  
        {  
            cout<<"Yes"<<endl;  
        }else{  
            cout<<"No"<<endl;  
        }  
    }  
      
    return 0;  
}