Python Basics

学习语言的四要素

1. terms of the language

2. data types

3. actions

4. best practices

Data Types

fundamental data types

number : int & float & complex

• print(2 / 4) #0.5，type is float，int型运算可得float型
• m**n m的n次方
• m//n 得数为integer
• %取余
• 以二进制形式存储

math functions（just Google it）

• round 四舍五入，只写源数据，默认整数；写源数据和n，保留n位小数
• abs 取绝对值

operator precedence运算符优先级（低->高）

• ()
• **
• * /
• + -

**bin(5) **求5的二进制

int(‘0b101’,2) <==> int(0b101) 告诉计算机0b101是二进制形式，并将其转换为int型，第一个值为字符串或数，第二个值表示进制

variables

• snake_case
• start with lowercase or underscore
• cannot start with numbers
• letters, numbers, underscores
• case sensitive 同拼写大小写不同为不同变量
• don’t overwrite keywords 特殊用途的单词不能用作变量名

constants

• PI=3.14 大写变量名

a,b,c = 1,2,3 => a=1;b=2;c=3;

expression : iq/5 & statement : user_age = iq/5;

augmented assignment operator

• a=5; a=a+2; print(a); #此时a=7
• a=a+2 <=> a+=2

str

• ‘Hello World’ “Hello World”
• 长字符串可以’’’(中间可以换行，任意格式)’’’

string concatenation

• adding strings together
• str不能直接与int相连

type conversion

• print(type(str(100))) #<class ‘str’>

escape sequence

• weather = ‘It’s sunny’ ×
• weather = 'It\‘s sunny’ √
• the symbol after \ is considered as a part of the str
• \t : tab
• \n : a new line

formatted strings

1. hi Johnny. You are 55 years old.

• print(‘hi ‘+name+’. You are ‘+str(age)+’ years old.’)
• print(f’hi {name}. You are {age} years old.’) #python3
• print(‘hi {}. You are {} years old.’.format(‘Johnny’,‘55’))
• print(‘hi {}. You are {} years old.’.format(name,age))

2. hi Sally. You are 26 years old.

• print(‘hi {new_name}. You are {new_age} years old.’.format(new_name=‘Sally’,age=26))

3. hi 55. You are Johnny years old.

• print(‘hi {1}. You are {0} years old.’.format(name,age))

string indexes

• be stored as ordered sequences character
• str=‘me me me’ str[0]=‘m’, str[1]=‘e’, str[2]=’ ';
• str=‘01234567’
• string slicing : str[start:len] str[0:2]=‘01’
• str[start:len:stepover] str[0:8:2]=‘0246’ str[::1]=‘01234567’
• str[-1] 末位
• str[::-1]=‘76543210’
• immutability不变性
• strings are immutable cannot change once it was created
• str=‘0123’; str[0]=‘8’; 报错

built-in functions&methods

• functions内置函数 : len(str) #求字符串长度
• methods : str.methods() //creating a new string，对原本的str不改变
• .upper()#全部大写
• .lower()#全部小写
• .capitalize()#首字母大写
• .find()#找到首次出现位置
• .replace(’’,’’)#用后面的替换前面的
  

bool 1->True/0->False

commenting your code #给代码加注释

don’t read dictionary #无需详细了解每一个函数，Google it

list -> Data Structure

• list slicing : a new copy
  

• mutability可变性 ：可以改变list中的某一个值

• new_cart = amazon_cart; new_cart[0] = ‘xx’ =>new_cart和amazon_cart同时变，相当于大名和小名，找到相同的位置

• new_cart = amazon_cart[:];
  new_cart[0] = ‘xx’ =>new_cart形成一个和amazon_cart一样的list

• .pop() 去掉最后一个元素 .pop(i) 去掉第i个
  
  
  

• .sort() 在原list进行操作 .sorted() 新建一个copy进行操作
  

list upacking

• a,b,c = [1,2,3]
• a,b,c,*other,d = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] => a=1,b=2,c=3,other=[4,5,6,7,8],d=9

Matrix a way to describe 2-D lists -> machine learning

• print(matrix[0][1]) #2
  

none -> it’s just nothing

dict(hash table/map/objects) -> data structure [不连续存储，不一定有序]

• dictionary = {
  	'key': value, # value值类型无需相同
  	'b': 2, # print(dictionary['b']) -> 2
      ...
  }
  

• key must be immutable & unique(or it’ll be rewrite)

• user.get(‘age’,55) #在user字典中寻找age的value，如果没找到就用55

• .update({‘key’:value}) 更新数据

understand DATA STRUCTURES!!!

tuple -> data structure immutable list

list相当于数组，tuple相当于结构体

set 不计重复元素

#classes -> custom types自定义

#specialized data types

#Moudules

if … elif …

is vs ==

• == covert to the same type ； -> ‘1’ == 1 False
• is won‘t convert，必须完全相同（地址&内容）； -> [1,2,3] is [1,2,3] False List is a memory in location

iterable -> list, dict(.items()/.values()/.keys()), tuple, set, string

iterated ->one by one check each item in the collection