Servlet简介与入门

最新推荐文章于 2022-09-07 17:49:38 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2022-09-07 17:49:38 发布

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分类专栏： Java # web开发文章标签： servlet java tomcat

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Q1575290554/article/details/125460163

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1、Servlet简介

Servlet就是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
Sun在这些APi中提供一个接口叫做：Servlet，如果你想开发一个Servlet程序，只需要完成两个小步骤：
- 编写一个类，实现Serlet接口
- 把开发好java类部署到web服务器中。

把实现了Servlet接口的Java程序叫做，Servlet

2、HelloServlet

Serlvet接口Sun公司有两个默认的实现类：HttpServlet，GenericServled

构建一个普通的Maven项目，删除里面的的src目录，这个空的工程就题Maven主工程；
关于Maven父子工程的理解；

父项目中会有

<modules>
    <module>servlet-01</module>
</modules>

子项目会有

<parent>
    <artifactId>javaweb-02-servlet</artifactId>
    <groupId>com.kuang</groupId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>

父项目中的java子项目可以直接使用

son extends father

(1)Maven环境优化(修改web.xml为最新的)

<?xml version=""1.0"" encoding=""UTF-8""?>
<web-app
    xmlns=""http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee""
    xmlns:xsi=""http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance""
    xsi:schemaLocation=""http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
                http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd""
    version=""4.0""
    metadata-complete=""true"">
</web-app>

(2)编写一个Servlet程序

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    // 由于 get 和 post 只是请求实现不同的方式，所以相互调用，业务逻辑一样
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println(""进入了 doGet 方法"");
        // ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter(); // 响应流
        writer.print(""Hello,Servlet"");
    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

(3)编写Servlet的映射

为什么需要映射：我们写的是JAVA程序，但是要通过浏览器访问，而浏览器需要连接web服务器，所以我们需
要再web服务中注册我们写的Servlet，还需给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径；

<!--注册Servlet-->
<servlet>
    <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.yv.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<!--Servlet的请求路径-->
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

配置Tomcat
注意：配置项目发布的路径就可以了

3、Servlet原理

servlet是由web服务器调用，web服务器在收到浏览器请求后，会判断servlet是否存在，若不存在则装载创建servlet的实例并初始化（若存在则跳过此步骤），然后调用service方法对请求进行处理。

4、Mapping问题

(1)一个servlet可以指定多个映射路径

      <servlet-mapping>
          <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
          <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
      </servlet-mapping>
      <servlet-mapping>
          <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
          <url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern>
      </servlet-mapping>
      <servlet-mapping>
          <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
          <url-pattern>/hello3</url-pattern>

(2)一个servlet可以指定通用映射路径

<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

(3)默认请求路径

<!--默认请求路径-->
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

(4)指定一些后缀或者前缀

  <!--可以自定义后缀实现请求映射注意点，*前面不能加项目映射的路径
      hello/dakonglong.xy
      -->
  <servlet-mapping>
      <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
      <url-pattern>*.xy</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>

(5)优先级问题

指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高，如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求；

  <!--404-->
  <servlet>
      <servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
      <servlet-class>com.yv.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
  </servlet>
  <servlet-mapping>
      <servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
      <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>

5、ServletContext

web容器在启动的时候，它会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象，它代表了当前的web应用；

1、共享数据

我在这个Servlet中保存的数据，可以在另外一个servlet中拿到；

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {   
        //this.getInitParameter()   初始化参数
        //this.getServletConfig()   Servlet配置
        //this.getServletContext()  Servlet上下文
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        String username = ""大恐龙"";
        // 将一个数据保存在了 ServletContext 的对象中，名字为：username
        context.setAttribute(""username"",username);
    }
}

public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        String username = (String)context.getAttribute(""username"");

        resp.setContentType(""text/html"");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding(""utf-8"");

        resp.getWriter().print(""名字:"" + username);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

<?xml version=""1.0"" encoding=""UTF-8""?>
<web-app
    xmlns=""http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee""
    xmlns:xsi=""http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance""
    xsi:schemaLocation=""http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
            http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd""
    version=""4.0""
    metadata-complete=""true"">

    <!--初始化参数-->
    <context-param>
        <param-name>url</param-name>
        <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3308/mybatis</param-value>
    </context-param>

    <!--HelloServlet-->
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.yv.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>

    <!--GetServlet-->
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.yv.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

2、获取初始化参数

<!--初始化参数-->
<context-param>
    <param-name>url</param-name>
    <param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3308/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>

public class ServletDemo01 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();

        String url = context.getInitParameter(""url"");
        resp.getWriter().print(url);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

3、请求转发

public class ServletDemo02 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
        /*
        // 转发的请求路径
        RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher(""/gp"");
        // 调用 forward 实现请求转发
        requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp);
        */
        // 合并
        context.getRequestDispatcher(""/gp"").forward(req,resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

4、读取资源文件

Properties

在java目录下新建properties
在resources目录下新建properties

发现：都被打包到了同一个路径下：classes，我们俗称这个路径为classpath:
思路：需要一个文件流

username=root
password=123456

public class ServletDemo03 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        InputStream resourceAsStream = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream(""/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties"");

        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.load(resourceAsStream);
        String username = properties.getProperty(""username"");
        String password = properties.getProperty(""password"");

        resp.getWriter().println(""user:"" + username);
        resp.getWriter().print(""pwd:"" + password);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

6、HttpServletResponse

web服务器接收到客户端的http请求，针对这个请求，分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest
对象，代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse；

如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数：找HttpServletRequest
如果要给客户端响应一些信息：找HttpServletResponse

1、简单分类

负责向浏览器发送数据的方法

servletOutputstream getOutputstream() throws IOException;
Printwriter getwriter() throws IOException;

负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法

void setCharacterEncoding(String var1)；
void setContentLength(int var1)；
void setContentLengthLong(long var1);
void setContentType(String var1)；
void setDateHeader(String varl,long var2)
void addDateHeader(String var1,long var2)
void setHeader(String var1,String var2);
void addHeader(String var1,String var2)；
void setIntHeader(String var1,int var2);
void addIntHeader(String varl,int var2);

2、下载文件

向浏览器输出消息
下载文件
1. 要获取下载文件的路径
2. 下载的文件名是啥？
3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
4. 获取下载文件的输入流
5. 创建缓冲区
6. 获取OutputStream对象
7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到bufer缓冲区
8. 使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端！

public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        // 1.获取下载文件的路径
        String realPath = ""F:\\Maven_Webapp\\response\\src\\main\\resources\\小屿.jpg"";
        System.out.println(""绝对路径："" + realPath);
        // 2.下载文件名是什么
        // 精妙绝伦的方法，获取文件路径后的最后一个 ""\"" 后面的字符 即 文件名
        String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf(""\\"") + 1);
        // 3.想办法让浏览器支持下载我们需要的东西
        // 设置编码为 utf8 防止乱码
        resp.setHeader(""Content-disposition"",""attachment;filename="" + URLEncoder.encode(fileName,""utf-8""));
        // 4.获取下载文件的输入流
        FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream(realPath);
        // 5.创建缓冲区
        int len = 0;
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        // 6.获取 OutputStream 对象
        ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
        // 7.将 FileOutputStream 流写入 buffer 缓冲区
        // 8.使用 OutputStream 将缓冲区的数据输出到客户端
        while ((len=fileInputStream.read(buffer))>0){
            outputStream.write(buffer,0,len);
        }
        fileInputStream.close();
        outputStream.close();

    }
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

3、验证码功能

验证怎么来的?

前端实现
后端实现，需要用到Java的图片类，生产一个图片

public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        // 如何让浏览器五秒自动刷新一次
        resp.setHeader(""refresh"",""3"");

        // 在内存中创建图片
        BufferedImage bufferedImage = new BufferedImage(80,20,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
        // 得到图片
        Graphics2D graphics = (Graphics2D) bufferedImage.getGraphics(); // 画笔
        // 设置图片的背景颜色
        graphics.setColor(Color.white);
        graphics.fillRect(0,0,80,20);
        // 给图片写数据
        graphics.setColor(Color.green);
        graphics.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));
        graphics.drawString(makeNum(),0,20);

        // 告诉浏览器这个请求用图片的方式打开
        resp.setContentType(""image/jpeg"");

        //网站存在缓存，不让浏览器缓存
        resp.setDateHeader(""expires"",-1);
        resp.setHeader(""Cache-Control"",""no-cache"");
        resp.setHeader(""Pragma"",""no-cache"");

        // 把图片写给浏览器
        ImageIO.write(bufferedImage,""jpg"", resp.getOutputStream());

    }

    // 生成随机数
    private String makeNum(){
        Random random = new Random();
        String num = random.nextInt(9999999) + """";
        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
        for (int i = 0; i < 7-num.length() ; i++) {
            sb.append(""0"");
        }
        num = sb.toString() + num;
        return num;
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

4、重定向和转发

public class RedirectServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        // 重定向
        resp.sendRedirect(""/response_war/img"");
        /* 原理 */
        // resp.setHeader(""Location"",""/response_war/img"");
        // resp.setStatus(302);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

重定向和转发的区别：

相同点：页面都会实现跳转

不同点：请求转发时，url不会发生变化；重定向时，url地址栏会发生变化

index.jsp

<html>
<body>
<h2>Hello World!</h2>
<form action=""${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login"" method=""get"">
    用户名：<input type=""text"" name=""username""> <br>
    密码  ：<input type=""password"" name=""password""> <br>
    <input type=""submit"">
</form>
</body>
</html>

RequestTest.java

public class RequestTest extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        // 处理请求
        String username = req.getParameter(""username"");
        String password = req.getParameter(""password"");

        resp.sendRedirect(""/response_war/success.jsp"");
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

重定向页面success.jsp

<%@ page contentType=""text/html;charset=UTF-8"" language=""java"" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>SUCCESS</h1>
</body>
</html>

web.xml配置

<!--请求重定向 red-->
<servlet>
    <servlet-name>RedirectServlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.yv.servlet.RedirectServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>RedirectServlet</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/red</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<!--提交 login-->
<servlet>
    <servlet-name>RequestTest</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.yv.servlet.RequestTest</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>RequestTest</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/login</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

7、HttpServletRequest

HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器, HTTP请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个HttpServletRequest的方法,获得客户端的所有信息;

自己创建类，且需要继承HttpServlet类

public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        req.setCharacterEncoding(""utf-8"");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding(""utf-8"");

        String username = req.getParameter(""username"");
        String password = req.getParameter(""password"");
        String[] hobbies = req.getParameterValues(""hobby"");

        System.out.println(username);
        System.out.println(password);
        System.out.println(hobbies);
        //通过请求转发
		//这里的/代表当前的web应用
        req.getRequestDispatcher(""/success.jsp"").forward(req,resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doGet(req, resp);
    }
}

<%@ page contentType=""text/html;charset=UTF-8"" language=""java"" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>登入</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>登入</h1>
<div style=""text-align: center"">
    <form action=""${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login"" method=""post"">
        用户名：<input type=""text"" name=""username""> <br>
        密码：<input type=""password"" name=""password""> <br>
        爱好:
        <input type=""checkbox"" name=""hobby"" value=""女孩"">女孩
        <input type=""checkbox"" name=""hobby"" value=""代码"">代码
        <input type=""checkbox"" name=""hobby"" value=""唱歌"">唱歌
        <input type=""checkbox"" name=""hobby"" value=""游戏"">游戏
        <input type=""checkbox"" name=""hobby"" value=""跳舞"">跳舞
        <br>
        <input type=""submit"">
    </form>
</div>
</body>
</html>

<%@ page contentType=""text/html;charset=UTF-8"" language=""java"" %>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>SUCCESS</h1>
</body>
</html>