C大学教程C++部分23章到25章

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chapter 23 Objected-oriented Programming :inheritance

Base Classes and Derived Classes

• often , an object of one class is an object of another classes.in C++, class Rectangle can be said to inherit from class quadrilateral, in this context , class Quadrilateral is a base class, and class Rectangle is a derived class.
• because every derived-class object is an object of its base.and one base class can have many derived classes,the set objects represented by a base class typically is arger than the set of objects represented by any of its derived classes.
• inheritance releationship form treelike hierarchical structures.
• to specify that class TwoDimensionShape is derived from the class shape ,class TwoDimensionShape could be defined in C++ as follows:

class TwoDimensionShape:public shape;

• this is an example of public inheritance,the most commonly used form, we also will discuss private inheritance and protected inheritance,with all forms of inheritance , private members of a base class are not accessible directly from that class’s derived classes, but these private base-class members are sti;; inherited (they are still considered parts of the derived classes), with public inheritance,all other basic-class members retained their original member access when they become members of the derived class,through these inherited base-class members , the derived class can manipulate private members of the base class(if these inherited members provide such functionality in the base class).note that friend function is not inherited.

23.3 protected Members

• a base class’s public members are accessible within the body of that base class and any where that the program has a handle (i.e a name , reference or pointer) to an object of the that base class or one of the derived class, a base class’s private members are accessible only withon the body of that base class and that friend base.

• using protected access offers an intermediate level of protection between public and private access.

  23.4.1

  代码部分

//CommissionEmployee.h
#pragma once
#ifndef COMMISSION_H
#define COMMISSION_H

#include<string>
using namespace std;

class CommissionEmployee {
public:
    //constructor while initialing
    CommissionEmployee(const string &, const string &, const string &, double = 0.0, double = 0.0);

    //set the first name
    void setFirstName(const string &);   

    //return first name
    string getFirstName() const;

    //set the last name
    void setLastName(const string &);

    //get the last name
    string getLastName() const;

    //set SSN
    void setSocialSecruityNumber(const string &);

    //get the SSN
    string getSocialSecruityNumber() const;

    //set gross sales amount;
    void setGrossSales(double);

    //get gross sales amount
    double getGrossSales() const;

    //set setCommisionRate
    void setCommisionRate(double);

    //double getCommisionRate
    double getCommisionRate() const;

    //earning
    double earnings() const;
    void print() const;
private:
    string firstName;
    string lastName;
    string socialSecruityNumber;
    double grossSales;
    double commisionRate;

};
#endif

//CommissionEmployee.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include"CommissionEmployee.h"
using namespace std;

CommissionEmployee::CommissionEmployee(const string &first, const string &last, const string &SSN, double sales, double rate) {
    firstName = first;
    lastName = last;
    socialSecruityNumber = SSN;
    setGrossSales(sales);
    setCommisionRate(rate);

}

void CommissionEmployee::setFirstName(const string & first) {
    firstName = first;
}

void CommissionEmployee::setLastName(const string & last) {
    lastName = last;
}

string CommissionEmployee::getFirstName() const {
    return firstName;
}

string CommissionEmployee::getLastName() const{
    return lastName;
}

void CommissionEmployee::setSocialSecruityNumber(const string &ssn) {
    socialSecruityNumber = ssn;
}

string CommissionEmployee::getSocialSecruityNumber() const {
    return socialSecruityNumber;
}

void CommissionEmployee::setGrossSales(double sales) {
    grossSales = sales;
}

double CommissionEmployee::getGrossSales() const {
    return grossSales;
}

void CommissionEmployee::setCommisionRate(double rate) {
    commisionRate = (rate > 0.0 && rate < 1.0) ? rate:0.0;
}

double CommissionEmployee::getCommisionRate() const {
    return commisionRate;
}

double CommissionEmployee::earnings() const {
    return commisionRate * grossSales;
}

void CommissionEmployee::print() const
{
    cout << "commission employee: " << firstName << " " << lastName
        << "\nsocial security number: " << socialSecruityNumber
        << "\ngross sales: " << grossSales
        << "\ncommission rate: " << commisionRate << endl;
}

23.4.2 Creating a class without using inheritance.

the code

//BasePlus.h
#pragma once
#ifndef COMMISSION_H
#define COMMISSION_H

#include<string>
using namespace std;

class BasePlusCommissionEmployee {
public:
    //constructor while initialing
    BasePlusCommissionEmployee(const string &, const string &, const string &, double = 0.0, double = 0.0, double = 0.0);

    //set the first name
    void setFirstName(const string &);

    //return first name
    string getFirstName() const;

    //set the last name
    void setLastName(const string &);

    //get the last name
    string getLastName() const;

    //set SSN
    void setSocialSecruityNumber(const string &);

    //get the SSN
    string getSocialSecruityNumber() const;

    //set gross sales amount;
    void setGrossSales(double);

    //get gross sales amount
    double getGrossSales() const;

    //set setCommisionRate
    void setCommisionRate(double);

    //double getCommisionRate
    double getCommisionRate() const;

    //earning
    double earnings() const;
    void print() const;

    //set the baseSalary
    void BasePlusCommissionEmployee::setBaseSalary(double);

    double BasePlusCommissionEmployee::getBaseSalary() const;

private:
    string firstName;
    string lastName;
    string socialSecruityNumber;
    double grossSales;
    double commisionRate;
    double baseSalary;

};
#endif


//Baseplus.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include"BasePlus.h"
using namespace std;

BasePlusCommissionEmployee::BasePlusCommissionEmployee(const string &first, const string &last, const string &SSN, double sales, double rate, double salary) {
    firstName = first;
    lastName = last;
    socialSecruityNumber = SSN;
    setGrossSales(sales);
    setCommisionRate(rate);
    setBaseSalary(salary);

}

void BasePlusCommissionEmployee::setFirstName(const string & first) {
    firstName = first;
}

void BasePlusCommissionEmployee::setLastName(const string & last) {
    lastName = last;
}

string BasePlusCommissionEmployee::getFirstName() const {
    return firstName;
}

string BasePlusCommissionEmployee::getLastName() const {
    return lastName;
}

void BasePlusCommissionEmployee::setSocialSecruityNumber(const string &ssn) {
    socialSecruityNumber = ssn;
}

string BasePlusCommissionEmployee::getSocialSecruityNumber() const {
    return socialSecruityNumber;
}

void BasePlusCommissionEmployee::setGrossSales(double sales) {
    grossSales = sales;
}

double BasePlusCommissionEmployee::getGrossSales() const {
    return grossSales;
}

void BasePlusCommissionEmployee::setCommisionRate(double rate) {
    commisionRate = (rate > 0.0 && rate < 1.0) ? rate : 0.0;
}

double BasePlusCommissionEmployee::getCommisionRate() const {
    return commisionRate;
}

double BasePlusCommissionEmployee::earnings() const {
    return commisionRate * grossSales + baseSalary;
}

void BasePlusCommissionEmployee::print() const
{
    cout << "commission employee: " << firstName << " " << lastName
        << "\nsocial security number: " << socialSecruityNumber
        << "\ngross sales: " << grossSales
        << "\ncommission rate: " << commisionRate << endl;
}
void BasePlusCommissionEmployee::setBaseSalary(double salary) {
    baseSalary = (salary<0.0) ? 0.0 : salary;
}

double BasePlusCommissionEmployee::getBaseSalary() const {
    return baseSalary;
}



//test.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<iomanip>
using namespace std;

#include"BasePlus.h"

int main() {
    BasePlusCommissionEmployee employee("Bob", "lewis", "333-33-3333", 5000, 0.04, 300);

    //set floating-point output formatting
    cout << fixed << setprecision(2);

    //get commission employee data
    cout << "\nFirst information detained by get function: \n"
        << "\nFirst name is " << employee.getFirstName()
        << "\nlast name is " << employee.getLastName()
        << "\nsocial security number is " << employee.getSocialSecruityNumber()
        << "\ngross sales is " << employee.getGrossSales()
        << "\ncommission rate is " << employee.getCommisionRate()
        << "\nbase salary id " << employee.getBaseSalary() << endl << endl;

    employee.setBaseSalary(1000);
    cout << "\nupdated employee information output by print function: " << endl << endl;

    employee.print();

    cout << "\n\nemployee's earning: $" << employee.earnings() << endl;

    return 0;
}

• in fact , it is boring and a waste of time.

23.4.3creating a commissionEmployee-basePlusCommissionEmployee inheritance.

• now we create and test a new version of class BasePlusCommissionEmployee that derives from class CommissionEmployee
• in this example , a BasePlusCommissionEmployee object is a CommissionEmployee.
• keyword public indicates the type of inheritance, as a derived class(formed with public inheritance) BasePlusCommissionEmployee inherits all the members of class CommissionEmployee,except for the constructor-each class provides its own constructors that are specific to the class.

//CommissionEmployee.h
#pragma once
#ifndef COMMISSION_H
#define COMMISSION_H

#include<string>
using namespace std;

class CommissionEmployee {
public:
    //constructor while initialing
    CommissionEmployee(const string &, const string &, const string &, double = 0.0, double = 0.0);

    //set the first name
    void setFirstName(const string &);

    //return first name
    string getFirstName() const;

    //set the last name
    void setLastName(const string &);

    //get the last name
    string getLastName() const;

    //set SSN
    void setSocialSecruityNumber(const string &);

    //get the SSN
    string getSocialSecruityNumber() const;

    //set gross sales amount;
    void setGrossSales(double);

    //get gross sales amount
    double getGrossSales() const;

    //set setCommisionRate
    void setCommisionRate(double);

    //double getCommisionRate
    double getCommisionRate() const;

    //earning
    double earnings() const;
    void print() const;
protected:
    string firstName;
    string lastName;
    string socialSecruityNumber;
    double grossSales;
    double commisionRate;

};
#endif


#pragma once
//BasePlus.h
#ifndef BASEPLUS_H
#define BASEPLUS_H

#include<string>
using namespace std;
#include"CommissionEmployee.h"

class BasePlusCommissionEmployee :public CommissionEmployee {
public:
    //constructor while initialing
    BasePlusCommissionEmployee(const string &, const string &, const string &, double = 0.0, double = 0.0, double = 0.0);

    //set the baseSalary
    void BasePlusCommissionEmployee::setBaseSalary(double);

    //get it
    double BasePlusCommissionEmployee::getBaseSalary() const;

    //earning
    double earnings() const;
private:
    double baseSalary;
};
#endif


//CommissionEmployee.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include"CommissionEmployee.h"
using namespace std;

CommissionEmployee::CommissionEmployee(const string &first, const string &last, const string &SSN, double sales, double rate) {
    firstName = first;
    lastName = last;
    socialSecruityNumber = SSN;
    setGrossSales(sales);
    setCommisionRate(rate);

}

void CommissionEmployee::setFirstName(const string & first) {
    firstName = first;
}

void CommissionEmployee::setLastName(const string & last) {
    lastName = last;
}

string CommissionEmployee::getFirstName() const {
    return firstName;
}

string CommissionEmployee::getLastName() const {
    return lastName;
}

void CommissionEmployee::setSocialSecruityNumber(const string &ssn) {
    socialSecruityNumber = ssn;
}

string CommissionEmployee::getSocialSecruityNumber() const {
    return socialSecruityNumber;
}

void CommissionEmployee::setGrossSales(double sales) {
    grossSales = sales;
}

double CommissionEmployee::getGrossSales() const {
    return grossSales;
}

void CommissionEmployee::setCommisionRate(double rate) {
    commisionRate = (rate > 0.0 && rate < 1.0) ? rate : 0.0;
}

double CommissionEmployee::getCommisionRate() const {
    return commisionRate;
}

double CommissionEmployee::earnings() const {
    return commisionRate * grossSales;
}

void CommissionEmployee::print() const
{
    cout << "commission employee: " << firstName << " " << lastName
        << "\nsocial security number: " << socialSecruityNumber
        << "\ngross sales: " << grossSales
        << "\ncommission rate: " << commisionRate << endl;
}

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

//BasePlus.cpp
#include"BasePlus.h"
#include"CommissionEmployee.h"
BasePlusCommissionEmployee::BasePlusCommissionEmployee(const string &first, const string &last, const string &SSN, double sales, double rate, double salary)
    :CommissionEmployee(first, last, SSN, sales, rate)
{

    setBaseSalary(salary);

}

double BasePlusCommissionEmployee::earnings() const {
    return commisionRate * grossSales + baseSalary;
}

void BasePlusCommissionEmployee::setBaseSalary(double salary) {
    baseSalary = (salary<0.0) ? 0.0 : salary;
}

double BasePlusCommissionEmployee::getBaseSalary() const {
    return baseSalary;
}

//test.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<iomanip>
using namespace std;

#include"BasePlus.h"

int main() {
    BasePlusCommissionEmployee employee("Bob", "lewis", "333-33-3333", 5000, 0.04, 300);

    //set floating-point output formatting
    cout << fixed << setprecision(2);

    //get commission employee data
    cout << "\nFirst information detained by get function: \n"
        << "\nFirst name is " << employee.getFirstName()
        << "\nlast name is " << employee.getLastName()
        << "\nsocial security number is " << employee.getSocialSecruityNumber()
        << "\ngross sales is " << employee.getGrossSales()
        << "\ncommission rate is " << employee.getCommisionRate()
        << "\nbase salary id " << employee.getBaseSalary() << endl << endl;

    employee.setBaseSalary(1000);
    cout << "\nupdated employee information output by print function: " << endl << endl;

    employee.print();

    cout << "\n\nemployee's earning: $" << employee.earnings() << endl;

    return 0;
}

• C++ requires a derived-class constructor to call its base-class constructor to initialize the base-class data members that are inherited into the derived class..
• as you can see, C++ regidly enforces restriction on private data members.
• another reason to include the base-class header file is that the compiler uses a class definition to determine the size of an object of that class, a client program that creates an object of an class must #include the class definition to enable the compiler to reverse the proper amount of memory for te object,whenusing inheritance, a derived-class object’s size depends on the data members declared explicitly in its class definitionand the data members.

23.3.4 CommissionEmployee-BasePlusCommissionEmployee inheritance hierarchy using protected Data.

• same as the code above.
• to enable class BasePlusCommissionEmployee to directly access CommissionEmployee data members firstName,lastName and so on , we can declare those members as protected in the base class.as we discussed before , a vase’s classs protected members can be accessed by members and friends of any classes derived from that base class.
• notes on using protected Data.
• in most cases,however , it is better to use private data members to encourage proper software engineering , and leave code optimization issues to the compiler,your code will be easier to maintain ,modify and debug.
• problems.
  

  a derived-class object can assign a negative value to the protected data member,thus leaving the object in an inconsistent state.

23.4.5CommissionEmployee-BasePlusCommissionEmployee inheritance Hierarchy using private Data

• final version

//CommissionEmployee.h
#pragma once
#ifndef COMMISSION_H
#define COMMISSION_H

#include<string>
using namespace std;

class CommissionEmployee {
public:
    //constructor while initialing
    CommissionEmployee(const string &, const string &, const string &, double = 0.0, double = 0.0);

    //set the first name
    void setFirstName(const string &);

    //return first name
    string getFirstName() const;

    //set the last name
    void setLastName(const string &);

    //get the last name
    string getLastName() const;

    //set SSN
    void setSocialSecruityNumber(const string &);

    //get the SSN
    string getSocialSecruityNumber() const;

    //set gross sales amount;
    void setGrossSales(double);

    //get gross sales amount
    double getGrossSales() const;

    //set setCommisionRate
    void setCommisionRate(double);

    //double getCommisionRate
    double getCommisionRate() const;

    //earning
    double earnings() const;
    void print() const;
private:
    string firstName;
    string lastName;
    string socialSecruityNumber;
    double grossSales;
    double commisionRate;

};
#endif
#pragma once
//BasePlus.h
#ifndef BASEPLUS_H
#define BASEPLUS_H

#include<string>
using namespace std;
#include"CommissionEmployee.h"

class BasePlusCommissionEmployee :public CommissionEmployee {
public:
    //constructor while initialing
    BasePlusCommissionEmployee(const string &, const string &, const string &, double = 0.0, double = 0.0, double = 0.0);

    //set the baseSalary
    void BasePlusCommissionEmployee::setBaseSalary(double);

    //get it
    double BasePlusCommissionEmployee::getBaseSalary() const;

    //earning
    double earnings() const;
private:
    double baseSalary;
};
#endif

//CommissionEmployee.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include"CommissionEmployee.h"
using namespace std;

CommissionEmployee::CommissionEmployee(const string &first, const string &last, const string &SSN, double sales, double rate) 
:firstName(first),lastName(last),socialSecruityNumber(SSN){
    //firstName = first;
    //lastName = last;
    //socialSecruityNumber = SSN;
    setGrossSales(sales);
    setCommisionRate(rate);

}

void CommissionEmployee::setFirstName(const string & first) {
    firstName = first;
}

void CommissionEmployee::setLastName(const string & last) {
    lastName = last;
}

string CommissionEmployee::getFirstName() const {
    return firstName;
}

string CommissionEmployee::getLastName() const {
    return lastName;
}

void CommissionEmployee::setSocialSecruityNumber(const string &ssn) {
    socialSecruityNumber = ssn;
}

string CommissionEmployee::getSocialSecruityNumber() const {
    return socialSecruityNumber;
}

void CommissionEmployee::setGrossSales(double sales) {
    grossSales = sales;
}

double CommissionEmployee::getGrossSales() const {
    return grossSales;
}

void CommissionEmployee::setCommisionRate(double rate) {
    commisionRate = (rate > 0.0 && rate < 1.0) ? rate : 0.0;
}

double CommissionEmployee::getCommisionRate() const {
    return commisionRate;
}

double CommissionEmployee::earnings() const {
    return commisionRate * grossSales;
}

void CommissionEmployee::print() const
{
    cout << "commission employee: " << firstName << " " << lastName
        << "\nsocial security number: " << socialSecruityNumber
        << "\ngross sales: " << grossSales
        << "\ncommission rate: " << commisionRate << endl;
}
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

//BasePlus.cpp
#include"BasePlus.h"
#include"CommissionEmployee.h"
BasePlusCommissionEmployee::BasePlusCommissionEmployee(const string &first, const string &last, const string &SSN, double sales, double rate, double salary)
    :CommissionEmployee(first, last, SSN, sales, rate)
{

    setBaseSalary(salary);

}

double BasePlusCommissionEmployee::earnings() const {
    return CommissionEmployee::earnings() + baseSalary;
}

void BasePlusCommissionEmployee::setBaseSalary(double salary) {
    baseSalary = (salary<0.0) ? 0.0 : salary;
}

double BasePlusCommissionEmployee::getBaseSalary() const {
    return baseSalary;
}
//test.cpp
#include<iostream>
#include<iomanip>
using namespace std;

#include"BasePlus.h"

int main() {
    BasePlusCommissionEmployee employee("Bob", "lewis", "333-33-3333", 5000, 0.04, 300);

    //set floating-point output formatting
    cout << fixed << setprecision(2);

    //get commission employee data
    cout << "\nFirst information detained by get function: \n"
        << "\nFirst name is " << employee.getFirstName()
        << "\nlast name is " << employee.getLastName()
        << "\nsocial security number is " << employee.getSocialSecruityNumber()
        << "\ngross sales is " << employee.getGrossSales()
        << "\ncommission rate is " << employee.getCommisionRate()
        << "\nbase salary id " << employee.getBaseSalary() << endl << endl;

    employee.setBaseSalary(1000);
    cout << "\nupdated employee information output by print function: " << endl << endl;

    employee.print();

    cout << "\n\nemployee's earning: $" << employee.earnings() << endl;

    return 0;
}

chapter 24

24.2 Polymorphism Examples

• With polymorphism , one function can cause different actions to occur , depending on the type of the object on which the function is invoked,this gives the programmer tremendous expressive capability ,
• the polymorphism occurs when a program invokes a virtue function through a base-class pointer or reference - C++ dynamically chooses the correct function for the class from which the object was instantiated ,

24.3 Relationships among objects in an inheritance hierarchy

24.3.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects.