java.net.URLEncoder
URLEncoder是用来对HTML表单编码,该类包含用于将字符串转换为application/x-www-form-urlencoded 格式的静态方法。 (application/x-www-form-urlencoded: 数据被编码为名/值对)
当发出get请求时,浏览器用x-www-form-urlencoded的编码方式把form数据转换成一个字串(name1=value1&name2=value2…),然后把这个字串以请求参数形式附加到url后面。当发出post请求时,浏览器把form数据封装到http body中,然后发送到server。
URLEncoder编码时遵循的规则
- a-z,A-Z,0-9保持原样。
- 特殊字符.,-,*与_保持原样。
- 空格被转换为+号。
- 其它字符转换为%xy的形式,xy由16进制数来表示。
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
try {
String string = "The string ü@foo-bar";
String encodedString = URLEncoder.encode(string, "UTF-8");
System.out.println("Encoded String: " + encodedString);
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
上述代码[1]使用UTF-8编码。The string ü@foo-bar被转换为The+string+%C3%BC%40foo-bar因为UTF-8,ü被编码为两字节C3(16进制),BC(16进制),@被编码为一字节40(16进制)。
java.net.URLDecoder
URLDecoder用来解码,解格式为application/x-www-form-urlencoded的编码。
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
System.out.println(URLDecoder.decode("special+chars%3A+%26%25*+", "UTF-8"));
}
}
上面代码[2]解码使用UTF-8的格式,最终输出:
special chars: &%*
java.net.URLDecoder.decode(String,String)源码分析
public static String decode(String s, String enc)
throws UnsupportedEncodingException{
boolean needToChange = false;
int numChars = s.length();
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(numChars > 500 ? numChars / 2 : numChars);
int i = 0;
if (enc.length() == 0) {
throw new UnsupportedEncodingException ("URLDecoder: empty string enc parameter");
}
char c;
byte[] bytes = null;
while (i < numChars) {
c = s.charAt(i);
switch (c) {
case '+':
sb.append(' ');
i++;
needToChange = true;
break;
case '%':
/*
* Starting with this instance of %, process all
* consecutive substrings of the form %xy. Each
* substring %xy will yield a byte. Convert all
* consecutive bytes obtained this way to whatever
* character(s) they represent in the provided
* encoding.
*/
try {
// (numChars-i)/3 is an upper bound for the number
// of remaining bytes
if (bytes == null)
bytes = new byte[(numChars-i)/3];
int pos = 0;
while ( ((i+2) < numChars) &&
(c=='%')) {
int v = Integer.parseInt(s.substring(i+1,i+3),16);
if (v < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("URLDecoder: Illegal hex characters in escape (%) pattern - negative value");
bytes[pos++] = (byte) v;
i+= 3;
if (i < numChars)
c = s.charAt(i);
}
// A trailing, incomplete byte encoding such as
// "%x" will cause an exception to be thrown
if ((i < numChars) && (c=='%'))
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"URLDecoder: Incomplete trailing escape (%) pattern");
sb.append(new String(bytes, 0, pos, enc));
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"URLDecoder: Illegal hex characters in escape (%) pattern - "
+ e.getMessage());
}
needToChange = true;
break;
default:
sb.append(c);
i++;
break;
}
}
return (needToChange? sb.toString() : s);
解码可总结为:
1.对读入的字符串逐个遍历各个字符
2.如果读入字符是+号,则转换为空格,如果不是以%号开头则不进行转换,直接返回。
3.如果以%号开头
3.1预分配缓冲区,大小为最大可能剩余字符数
bytes = new byte[(numChars-i)/3];
numChars-i为剩余字符数,而%xy格式共3个字符。(numChars-i)/3表示最大剩余字符数。
因为最终转换时不包含%号,而xy以16进制表示,因此(numChars-i)/3表示转换所需要最大字节数。
3.2进行相关错误处理,如果产生错误则抛出异常。
参考
[1]https://www.udemy.com/collection/java-code-geeks/all-courses/?pmtag=APRUDEMY17&siteID=fauDoMV7FnU-Gz9kCuhFvRfa4V26e0XAig&LSNPUBID=fauDoMV7FnU
[2]https://examples.javacodegeeks.com/core-java/net/urldecoder/java-net-urldecoder-example/