平方和公式 、立方和公式
在网上看了几种证明方法,自己来整理一下,尽量尝试写的通俗易懂,第一次写博客,来试一试。
-
平方和公式
∑ i = 1 n i 2 = 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ⋯ + n 2 = n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 \sum_{i=1}^{n}i^2 = 1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + \cdots + n^2 = \frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6} ∑i=1ni2=12+22+32+⋯+n2=6n(n+1)(2n+1)
证法一:
由于 ( a + 1 ) 3 − ( a ) 3 = 3 a 2 + 3 a + 1 \quad (a+1)^3-(a)^3=3a^2+3a+1 (a+1)3−(a)3=3a2+3a+1,所以可以得到如下式子:
2 3 − 1 3 = 3 ⋅ 1 2 + 3 ⋅ 1 + 1 3 3 − 2 3 = 3 ⋅ 2 2 + 3 ⋅ 2 + 1 4 3 − 3 3 = 3 ⋅ 3 2 + 3 ⋅ 3 + 1 ⋮ ( n + 1 ) 3 − n 3 = 3 n 2 + 3 n + 1 \begin{aligned} 2^3 &- 1^3 &= &\quad 3 \cdot 1^2 + 3 \cdot 1 + 1\\ 3^3 &- 2^3 &= &\quad 3 \cdot 2^2 + 3 \cdot 2 + 1\\ 4^3 &- 3^3 &= &\quad 3 \cdot 3^2 + 3 \cdot 3 + 1\\ &\vdots\\ &\quad\\ (n+1)^3 &- n^3 &= &\quad 3n^2 + 3n + 1\\ \end{aligned} 233343(n+1)3−13−23−33⋮−n3====3⋅12+3⋅1+13⋅22+3⋅2+13⋅32+3⋅3+13n2+3n+1
将上面的式子左边右边依次相加得到如下:
( n + 1 ) 3 − 1 3 = 3 ⋅ ∑ i = 1 n i 2 + 3 ⋅ n ( n + 1 ) 2 + n \begin{aligned} (n+1)^3&-1^3&=\quad3\cdot \sum_{i=1}^{n}i^2+3\cdot \frac{n(n+1)}{2}+n\\ \end{aligned} (n+1)3−13=3⋅i=1∑ni2+3⋅2n(n+1)+n
即:
∑ i = 1 n i 2 = ( n + 1 ) 3 − 1 3 − n ( n + 1 ) 2 − n 3 = 2 n 3 + 3 n 2 + n 6 = n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 \begin{aligned} \sum_{i=1}^{n}i^2&=\frac{(n+1)^3-1}{3} - \frac{n(n+1)}{2} - \frac{n}{3}\\ &=\frac{2n^3+3n^2+n }{6}\\ &=\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6} \end{aligned} i=1∑ni2=3(n+1)3−1−2n(n+1)−3n=62n3+3n2+n=6n(n+1)(2n+1)
则 ∑ i = 1 n i 2 = n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 \quad\sum_{i=1}^{n}i^2=\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6} ∑i=1ni2=6n(n+1)(2n+1),证毕。
证法二:
由于 n 2 = n 2 − n + n = n ( n − 1 ) + n = 2 C n 2 + C n 1 \quad n^2 = n^2 - n + n= n(n - 1) + n = 2C_n^2 + C_n^1 n2=n2−n+n=n(n−1)+n=2Cn2+Cn1,因此则有:∑ i = 1 n i 2 = 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ⋯ + n 2 = 1 2 + ( 2 C 2 2 + C 2 1 ) + ( 2 C 3 2 + C 3 1 ) + ⋯ + ( 2 C n 2 + C n 1 ) = 1 + 2 ( C 2 2 + C 3 2 + ⋯ + C n 2 ) + ( C 2 1 + C 3 1 + ⋯ + C n 1 ) = 1 + 2 C n + 1 3 + C n + 1 2 − 1 = n ( n − 1 ) ( n + 1 ) 3 + n ( n + 1 ) 2 = n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 \begin{aligned} \sum_{i=1}^{n}i^2 &= 1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + \cdots + n^2\\ &=1^2 + (2C_2^2 + C_2^1) + (2C_3^2 + C_3^1) + \cdots + (2C_n^2 + C_n^1)\\ &=1 + 2(C_2^2 + C_3^2 + \cdots + C_n^2) + (C_2^1 + C_3^1 + \cdots + C_n^1)\\ &=1 + 2C_{n+1}^3 + C_{n+1}^2 - 1\\ &=\frac{n(n-1)(n+1)}{3} + \frac{n(n+1)}{2}\\ &=\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6} \end{aligned} i=1∑ni2=12+22+32+⋯+n2=12+(2C22+C21)+(2C32+C31)+⋯+(2Cn2+Cn1)=1+2(C22+C32+⋯+Cn2)+(C21+C31+⋯+Cn1)=1+2Cn+13+Cn+12−1=3n(n−1)(n+1)+2n(n+1)=6n(n+1)(2n+1)
则 ∑ i = 1 n i 2 = n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 \quad\sum_{i=1}^{n}i^2=\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6} ∑i=1ni2=6n(n+1)(2n+1),证毕。
可能有人要问为什么 C 2 2 + C 3 2 + ⋯ + C n 2 = C n + 1 3 \quad C_2^2 + C_3^2 + \cdots + C_n^2 = C_{n+1}^3 C22+C32+⋯+Cn2=Cn+13 ,这是组合数的一个性质:
C n + 1 m = C n m − 1 + C n m ( m ≤ n ) C_{n+1}^m = C_n^{m-1} + C_n^m (m \leq n) Cn+1m=Cnm−1+Cnm(m≤n)来举个简单的例子吧,假设你要从5个女人中选中2个女人出去玩,5个女人中有个女人叫翠花,5选2也就是 C 5 2 = 10 C_5^2=10 C52=10 ,在你选出的10组中,其实也就可以分成两种,有翠花的组和没翠花的组,因此我们可以把 C 5 2 C_5^2 C52这样考虑:有翠花的组,也就是在除了翠花的4个人中选1个和翠花组成一组,即 C 4 1 C_4^1 C41;没翠花的组,也就是在除了翠花的4个人中选2个组成一组,即 C 4 2 C_4^2 C42,因此 C 5 2 = C 4 1 + C 4 2 C_5^2= C_4^1 + C_4^2 C52=C41+C42
因此可以得到组合数的一个性质,在 n + 1 n+1 n+1 个元素中选出 m m m 个元素,可分为2种情况:有元素 a a a 的组,没有元素 a a a 的组。有元素 a a a 的组即在除了 a a a 的 n n n个元素中选 m − 1 m-1 m−1 个元素和 a a a 组成一组。没有元素 a a a 的组即在除了 a a a 的 n n n 个元素中选 m m m 个元素组成一组,因此则有:
C n + 1 m = C n m − 1 + C n m ( m ≤ n ) C_{n+1}^m = C_n^{m-1} + C_n^m (m \leq n) Cn+1m=Cnm−1+Cnm(m≤n)
再对上面这个式子进行推导:
C n + 1 m = C n m − 1 + C n m = C n m − 1 + C n − 1 m − 1 + C n − 1 m = C n m − 1 + C n − 1 m − 1 + C n − 2 m − 1 + C n − 2 m = C n m − 1 + C n − 1 m − 1 + C n − 2 m − 1 + C n − 3 m − 1 + ⋯ + C m − 1 m − 1 \begin{aligned} C_{n+1}^m &= C_n^{m-1} + C_n^m\\ &= C_n^{m-1} + C_{n-1}^{m-1} + C_{n-1}^m\\ &= C_n^{m-1} + C_{n-1}^{m-1} + C_{n-2}^{m-1} + C_{n-2}^m\\ &= C_n^{m-1} + C_{n-1}^{m-1} + C_{n-2}^{m-1} + C_{n-3}^{m-1} + \cdots + C_{m-1}^{m-1} \\ \end{aligned} Cn+1m=Cnm−1+Cnm=Cnm−1+Cn−1m−1+Cn−1m=Cnm−1+Cn−1m−1+Cn−2m−1+Cn−2m=Cnm−1+Cn−1m−1+Cn−2m−1+Cn−3m−1+⋯+Cm−1m−1
因此 C n + 1 m = C n m − 1 + C n − 1 m − 1 + C n − 2 m − 1 + C n − 3 m − 1 + ⋯ + C m − 1 m − 1 C_{n+1}^m = C_n^{m-1} + C_{n-1}^{m-1} + C_{n-2}^{m-1} + C_{n-3}^{m-1} + \cdots + C_{m-1}^{m-1} Cn+1m=Cnm−1+Cn−1m−1+Cn−2m−1+Cn−3m−1+⋯+Cm−1m−1我们再回到题目中,因此:
C 2 2 + C 3 2 + ⋯ + C n 2 = C n + 1 3 C_2^2 + C_3^2 + \cdots + C_n^2 = C_{n+1}^3 C22+C32+⋯+Cn2=Cn+13
C 2 1 + C 3 1 + ⋯ + C n 1 = C n + 1 2 − 1 C_2^1 + C_3^1 + \cdots + C_n^1 = C_{n+1}^2 - 1 C21+C31+⋯+Cn1=Cn+12−1
-
立方和公式
∑ i = 1 n i 3 = 1 3 + 2 3 + 3 3 + ⋯ + n 3 = 1 4 n 2 ( n + 1 ) 2 \sum_{i=1}^{n} i^3=1^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 + \cdots + n^3 =\frac{1}{4}n^2(n+1)^2 ∑i=1ni3=13+23+33+⋯+n3=41n2(n+1)2
证法一:
由于 ( a + 1 ) 4 − a 4 = 4 a 3 + 6 a 2 + 4 a + 1 (a+1)^4 - a^4 = 4a^3 + 6a^2 + 4a + 1 (a+1)4−a4=4a3+6a2+4a+1,所以可以得到如下:
2 4 − 1 4 = 4 ⋅ 1 3 + 6 ⋅ 1 2 + 4 ⋅ 1 + 1 3 4 − 2 4 = 4 ⋅ 2 3 + 6 ⋅ 2 2 + 4 ⋅ 2 + 1 4 4 − 3 4 = 4 ⋅ 3 3 + 6 ⋅ 3 2 + 4 ⋅ 3 + 1 ⋮ ( n + 1 ) 4 − n 4 = 4 n 3 + 6 n 2 + 4 ⋅ n + 1 \begin{aligned} 2^4 &- 1^4 &= &\quad 4 \cdot 1^3 + 6 \cdot 1^2 + 4 \cdot 1 + 1\\ 3^4 &- 2^4 &= &\quad 4 \cdot 2^3 + 6 \cdot 2^2 + 4 \cdot 2 + 1\\ 4^4 &- 3^4 &= &\quad 4 \cdot 3^3 + 6 \cdot 3^2 + 4 \cdot 3 + 1\\ &\vdots\\ &\quad\\ (n+1)^4 &- n^4 &= &\quad 4n^3 + 6n^2 + 4 \cdot n + 1\\ \end{aligned} 243444(n+1)4−14−24−34⋮−n4====4⋅13+6⋅12+4⋅1+14⋅23+6⋅22+4⋅2+14⋅33+6⋅32+4⋅3+14n3+6n2+4⋅n+1
将上面的式子左边右边依次相加得到如下:
( n + 1 ) 4 − 1 4 = 4 ⋅ ∑ i = 1 n i 3 + 6 ⋅ ∑ i = 1 n i 2 + 4 ⋅ n ( n + 1 ) 2 + n \begin{aligned} (n+1)^4&-1^4&=\quad 4 \cdot \sum_{i=1}^{n}i^3 + 6 \cdot \sum_{i=1}^{n}i^2 + 4 \cdot \frac{n(n+1)}{2} +n\\ \end{aligned} (n+1)4−14=4⋅i=1∑ni3+6⋅i=1∑ni2+4⋅2n(n+1)+n
即:
∑ i = 1 n i 3 = ( n + 1 ) 4 − 1 4 − 3 2 ⋅ ∑ i = 1 n i 2 − n ( n + 1 ) 2 − n 4 = 1 4 n 2 ( n + 1 ) 2 \begin{aligned} \sum_{i=1}^{n}i^3&=\frac{(n+1)^4-1}{4} - \frac{3}{2} \cdot \sum_{i=1}^{n}i^2 - \frac{n(n+1)}{2} - \frac{n}{4 }\\ &=\frac{1}{4}n^2(n+1)^2 \end{aligned} i=1∑ni3=4(n+1)4−1−23⋅i=1∑ni2−2n(n+1)−4n=41n2(n+1)2
则 ∑ i = 1 n i 3 = 1 4 n 2 ( n + 1 ) 2 \quad\sum_{i=1}^{n}i^3=\frac{1}{4}n^2(n+1)^2 ∑i=1ni3=41n2(n+1)2,证毕。
根据平方和公式的证法二,我也想了一个利用组合数来求立方和公式的证法。
证法二:
由于 n 3 = n 3 − n + n = n ( n − 1 ) ( n + 1 ) + n = 6 C n + 1 3 + C n 1 \quad n^3 = n^3 - n + n= n(n - 1)(n+1) + n = 6C_{n+1}^3 + C_n^1 n3=n3−n+n=n(n−1)(n+1)+n=6Cn+13+Cn1,因此则有:∑ i = 1 n i 3 = 1 3 + 2 3 + 3 3 + ⋯ + n 3 = 1 3 + ( 6 C 3 3 + C 2 1 ) + ( 6 C 4 3 + C 3 1 ) + ⋯ + ( 6 C n + 1 3 + C n 1 ) = 1 + 6 ( C 3 3 + C 4 3 + ⋯ + C n + 1 3 ) + ( C 2 1 + C 3 1 + ⋯ + C n 1 ) = 1 + 6 C n + 2 4 + C n + 1 2 − 1 = n ( n − 1 ) ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) 4 + n ( n + 1 ) 2 = n 2 ( n + 1 ) 2 4 \begin{aligned} \sum_{i=1}^{n}i^3 &= 1^3 + 2^3 + 3^3 + \cdots + n^3\\ &=1^3 + (6C_3^3 + C_2^1) + (6C_4^3 + C_3^1) + \cdots + (6C_{n+1}^3 + C_n^1)\\ &=1 + 6(C_3^3 + C_4^3 + \cdots + C_{n+1}^3) + (C_2^1 + C_3^1 + \cdots + C_n^1)\\ &=1 + 6C_{n+2}^4 + C_{n+1}^2 - 1\\ &=\frac{n(n-1)(n+1)(n+2)}{4} + \frac{n(n+1)}{2}\\ &=\frac{n^2(n+1)^2}{4} \end{aligned} i=1∑ni3=13+23+33+⋯+n3=13+(6C33+C21)+(6C43+C31)+⋯+(6Cn+13+Cn1)=1+6(C33+C43+⋯+Cn+13)+(C21+C31+⋯+Cn1)=1+6Cn+24+Cn+12−1=4n(n−1)(n+1)(n+2)+2n(n+1)=4n2(n+1)2
则 ∑ i = 1 n i 3 = 1 4 n 2 ( n + 1 ) 2 \quad\sum_{i=1}^{n}i^3=\frac{1}{4}n^2(n+1)^2 ∑i=1ni3=41n2(n+1)2,证毕。