vtable和vptr

最新推荐文章于 2022-09-04 11:08:18 发布

RichardYSteven

最新推荐文章于 2022-09-04 11:08:18 发布

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分类专栏： C++语法和使用经验文章标签： fun class function output table layout

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http://www.dreamincode.net/forums/topic/45816-detail-about-how-vptr-and-virtual-table-works/

这是一个相当牛的帖子。

1. vptr每个对象都会有一个，而vtable是每个类有一个

2. vptr指向了vtable

3. 在C++中，如果一个类有虚函数，那么这个对象的memory layout中就有特个vptr，且在最前面

4. 一个类中就算有多个虚函数，也只有一个vptr

5. 做多重继承，就是继承了多个父类时，就会有多个vptr

6. 看最后一个例子，当子类继承了多个父类，且自己又新加了虚函数，这个vptr是借用了第一个父类的？

Assumption: machine is 32-bit .
Here I am going to explain How Virtual table, Virtual pointer for Virtual functions are internally working.

First we have understand memory layout.

Example 1: How the class's memory layout

 
class Test  
 
{ 
 
   public: 
 
     int data1; 
 
     int data2; 
 
     int fun1(); 
 
}; 
 
 
 
int main()  
 
{ 
 
   Test obj; 
 
   cout <<  "obj's Size = " << sizeof(obj) << endl; 
 
   cout <<  "obj 's Address = " << &obj << endl; 
 
   return 0; 
 
}

Output:

Sobj's Size = 8
obj 's Address = 0012FF7C

Note: Any Plane member function does not take any memory.

Example 2: Memory Layout of Derived class

 
class Test  
 
{ 
 
public: 
 
   int a; 
 
   int b; 
 
}; 
 
 
 
class dTest : public Test 
 
{ 
 
public: 
 
   int c; 
 
}; 
 
 
 
int main()  
 
{ 
 
   Test obj1; 
 
   cout <<  "obj1's Size = " << sizeof(obj1) << endl; 
 
   cout <<  "obj1's Address = " << &obj1 << endl; 
 
   dTest obj2; 
 
   cout <<  "obj2's Size = " << sizeof(obj2) << endl; 
 
   cout <<  "obj2's Address = " << &obj2 << endl; 
 
   return 0; 
 
}

OUTPUT:
obj1's Size = 8
obj1's Address = 0012FF78
obj2's Size = 12
obj2's Address = 0012FF6C

Example 3: Memory layout If we have one virtual function.

 
class Test  
 
{ 
 
public: 
 
   int data; 
 
   virtual void fun1()  
 
   {  
 
     cout <<  "Test::fun1" << endl;  
 
   } 
 
}; 
 
 
 
int main()  
 
{ 
 
   Test obj; 
 
   cout <<  "obj's Size = " << sizeof(obj) << endl; 
 
   cout <<  "obj's Address = " << &obj << endl; 
 
   return 0; 
 
}

OUTPUT:

obj's Size = 8
obj's Address = 0012FF7C

Note: Adding one virtual function in a class takes 4 Byte extra.

Example 4: More than one Virtual function

 
class Test  
 
{ 
 
public: 
 
   int data; 
 
   virtual void fun1() { cout <<  "Test::fun1" << endl; } 
 
   virtual void fun2() { cout <<  "Test::fun2" << endl; } 
 
   virtual void fun3() { cout <<  "Test::fun3" << endl; } 
 
   virtual void fun4() { cout <<  "Test::fun4" << endl; } 
 
}; 
 
 
 
int main() 
 
  { 
 
   Test obj; 
 
   cout <<  "obj's Size = " << sizeof(obj) << endl; 
 
   cout <<  "obj's Address = " << &obj << endl; 
 
   return 0; 
 
  }

OUTPUT:

obj's Size = 8
obj's Address = 0012FF7C

Note: Adding more virtual functions in a class, no extra size taking i.e. Only one machine size taking(i.e. 4 byte)

Example 5:

 
class Test 
 
  { 
 
public: 
 
   int a; 
 
   int b; 
 
   Test(int temp1 = 0, int temp2 = 0) 
 
   { 
 
      a=temp1; 
 
      b=temp2;  
 
   } 
 
   int getA()   
 
   { 
 
      return a; 
 
   } 
 
   int getB()   
 
   { 
 
      return b; 
 
   } 
 
   virtual ~Test(); 
 
}; 
 
 
 
int main()  
 
{ 
 
   Test obj(5, 10); 
 
 
 
// Changing a and b 
 
   int* pInt = (int*)&obj; 
 
   *(pInt+0) = 100;    
 
   *(pInt+1) = 200;    
 
 
 
   cout <<  "a = " << obj.getA() << endl; 
 
   cout <<  "b = " << obj.getB() << endl; 
 
   return 0; 
 
}

OUTPUT:
a = 200
b = 10

If we Change the code as then

// Changing a and b
int* pInt = (int*)&obj;
*(pInt+1) = 100; // In place of 0
*(pInt+2) = 200; // In place of 1

OUTPUT:
a = 100
b = 200

Note: Who sits 1st place of Class : Answer is VPTR
VPTR - 1st placed in class and rest sits after it.

Example 6:

 
class Test  
 
{ 
 
   virtual void fun1()  
 
   { 
 
      cout <<  "Test::fun1" << endl; 
 
   } 
 
}; 
 
 
 
int main()  
 
{ 
 
   Test obj; 
 
   cout <<  "VPTR's Address " << (int*)(&obj+0) << endl; 
 
   cout <<  "VPTR's Value " << (int*)*(int*)(&obj+0) << endl; 
 
   return 0; 
 
}

OUTPUT:

VPTR's Address 0012FF7C
VPTR's Value 0046C060

NOTE: This VPTR's value is a address of Virtual table. Lets see in next Example.

Example 7:

 
#include <iostream> 
 
using namespace std; 
 
 
 
class Test 
 
  { 
 
    virtual void fun1()  
 
    {  
 
     cout <<  "Test::fun1" << endl;  
 
    } 
 
}; 
 
typedef void (*Fun)(void); 
 
 
 
int main()  
 
{ 
 
   Test obj; 
 
   cout <<  "VPTR's Address " << (int*)(&obj+0) << endl; 
 
   cout <<  " VIRTUAL TABLE 's Address " << (int*)*(int*)(&obj+0) << endl; // Value of VPTR 
 
   cout <<  "Value at first entry of VIRTUAL TABLE " << (int*)*(int*)*(int*)(&obj+0) << endl; 
 
    
 
   Fun pFun = (Fun)*(int*)*(int*)(&obj+0);   // calling Virtual  function 
 
   pFun(); 
 
   return 0; 
 
}

OUTPUT:
VPTR's Address 0012FF7C
VIRTUAL TABLE 's Address 0046C0EC
Value at first entry of VIRTUAL TABLE 0040100A
Test: fun1

Example 8:

 
class Test 
 
{ 
 
   virtual void fun1() { cout <<  "Test::fun1" << endl; } 
 
   virtual void func1() { cout <<  "Test::func1" << endl; } 
 
}; 
 
 
 
int main() 
 
  { 
 
   Test obj; 
 
 
 
   cout <<  "VPTR's Address " << (int*)(&obj+0) << endl; 
 
   cout <<  "VIRTUAL TABLE 's Address" << (int*)*(int*)(&obj+0) << endl; 
 
 
 
   // Calling Virtual table functions 
 
   cout <<  "Value at 1st entry of VTable " << (int*)*((int*)*(int*)(&obj+0)+0) << endl; 
 
   cout <<  "Value at 2nd entry of VTable " << (int*)*((int*)*(int*)(&obj+0)+1) << endl; 
 
 
 
   return 0; 
 
}

OUTPUT:

VPTR's Address 0012FF7C
VIRTUAL TABLE 's Address 0046C0EC
Value at first entry of VIRTUAL TABLE 0040100A
Value at 2nd entry of VIRTUAL TABLE 004012

Example :9

 
class Test 
 
{ 
 
   virtual void fun1() { cout <<  "Test::fun1" << endl; } 
 
   virtual void func1() { cout <<  "Test::func1" << endl; } 
 
}; 
 
 
 
typedef void(*Fun)(void); 
 
 
 
int main()  
 
{ 
 
   Test obj; 
 
   Fun pFun = NULL; 
 
    
 
   // calling 1st virtual  function 
 
   pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&obj+0)+0); 
 
   pFun(); 
 
 
 
   // calling 2nd virtual  function 
 
   pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&obj+0)+1); 
 
   pFun(); 
 
 
 
   return 0; 
 
}

OUTPUT:

Test::fun1
Test::func1

Example 10: multiple Inheritance

 
class Base1  
 
{ 
 
public: 
 
   virtual void fun(); 
 
}; 
 
 
 
class Base2  
 
{ 
 
public: 
 
   virtual void fun(); 
 
}; 
 
 
 
class Base3  
 
{ 
 
public: 
 
   virtual void fun(); 
 
}; 
 
 
 
class Derive : public Base1, public Base2, public Base3  
 
{ 
 
}; 
 
 
 
int main()  
 
{ 
 
   Derive obj; 
 
   cout <<  "Derive's Size = " << sizeof(obj) << endl; 
 
   return 0; 
 
}

OUTPUT:

Derive's Size = 12

Example 11: Calling Virtual Functions in case of Multiple Inheritance

 
class Base1  
 
{ 
 
   virtual void fun1() { cout <<  "Base1::fun1()" << endl; } 
 
   virtual void func1() { cout <<  "Base1::func1()" << endl; } 
 
}; 
 
 
 
class Base2 { 
 
   virtual void fun1() { cout <<  "Base2::fun1()" << endl; } 
 
   virtual void func1() { cout <<  "Base2::func1()" << endl; } 
 
}; 
 
 
 
class Base3 { 
 
   virtual void fun1() { cout <<  "Base3::fun1()" << endl; } 
 
   virtual void func1() { cout <<  "Base3::func1()" << endl; } 
 
}; 
 
 
 
class Derive : public Base1, public Base2, public Base3  
 
{ 
 
public: 
 
   virtual void Fn()  
 
   {  
 
   cout <<  "Derive::Fn" << endl;  
 
   } 
 
   virtual void Fnc()  
 
   {  
 
   cout <<  "Derive::Fnc" << endl;  
 
   } 
 
}; 
 
 
 
typedef void(*Fun)(void); 
 
 
 
int main() 
 
{ 
 
   Derive obj; 
 
   Fun pFun = NULL; 
 
    
 
   // calling 1st virtual  function of Base1 
 
   pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)((int*)&obj+0)+0); 
 
   pFun(); 
 
 
 
   // calling 2nd virtual  function of Base1 
 
   pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)((int*)&obj+0)+1); 
 
   pFun(); 
 
 
 
   // calling 1st virtual  function of Base2 
 
   pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)((int*)&obj+1)+0); 
 
   pFun(); 
 
 
 
   // calling 2nd virtual  function of Base2 
 
   pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)((int*)&obj+1)+1); 
 
   pFun(); 
 
 
 
   // calling 1st virtual  function of Base3 
 
   pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)((int*)&obj+2)+0); 
 
   pFun(); 
 
 
 
   // calling 2nd virtual  function of Base3 
 
   pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)((int*)&obj+2)+1); 
 
   pFun(); 
 
 
 
   // calling 1st virtual  function of Drive 
 
   pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)((int*)&obj+0)+2); 
 
   pFun(); 
 
 
 
   // calling 2nd virtual  function of Drive 
 
   pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)((int*)&obj+0)+3); 
 
   pFun(); 
 
 
 
   return 0; 
 
}