LVM与磁盘分配

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已于 2023-02-24 09:17:32 修改

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于 2023-02-23 17:36:59 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Richard_Sniper/article/details/129185458

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LVM概述

Logical Volume Manager，逻辑卷管理

能够在保持现有数据不变的情况下动态调整磁盘容量，从而提高磁盘管理的灵活性

/boot分区用于存放引导文件，不能基于LVM创建

它是 Linux 下对硬盘分区的一种管理机制。LVM 适合于管理大存储设备，
并允许用户动态调整文件系统的大小。此外，LVM 的快照功能可以帮助我们快速备份数据。
LVM 为我们提供了逻辑概念上的磁盘，使得文件系统不再关心底层物理磁盘的概念。

物理卷（Physical Volume，PV）：就是真正的物理硬盘或分区。

卷组（Volume Group，VG）：将多个物理卷合起来就组成了卷组。组成同一个卷组的物理卷可以是同一块硬盘的不同分区，也可以是不同硬盘上的不同分区。我们可以把卷组想象为一块逻辑硬盘。

逻辑卷（Logical Volume，LV）：卷组是一块逻辑硬盘，硬盘必须分区之后才能使用，我们把这个分区称作逻辑卷。逻辑卷可以被格式化和写入数据。我们可以把逻辑卷想象为分区。

物理扩展（Physical Extend，PE）：PE 是用来保存数据的最小单元，我们的数据实际上都是写入 PE 当中的。PE 的大小是可以配置的，默认是 4MB。

1.分区是磁盘上的连续空间，一个硬盘上

2.有了raid各种raid解决了一些问题(分完就无法扩容修改了，4块变一块，关机会影响服务，进入raid 配置界面)

3.平滑扩容，动态扩容

LVM 的管理命令

功能 PV管理命令 VG管理命令 LV管理命令

Scan（扫描） pvscan vgscan lvscan

Create（建立） pvcreate vgcreate lvcreate

Display（显示） pvdisplay vgdisplay lvdisplay

Remove（移除） pvremove vgremove lvremove

Extend（扩展） vgextend lvextend

Reduce（减少） vgreduce lvreduce

在每个磁盘里只创建一个分区，每个分区使用对应磁盘的全部的空间，即全部按回车键就好。

注意在分好分区大小以后需要使用“t”选项修改分区类型，

我们需要创建动态逻辑卷即LVM，所以将分区类型修改为“8e”,

如果不清楚分区类型的代码，可以使用“l”选项查看所有类型的代码。修改完成后记得使用“w”保存。

格式：pvcreate　设备名1 [设备名2 .....]

vgcreate 　卷组名　物理卷名1 　物理卷名2

lvcreate　 -L　容量大小　-n　逻辑卷名　卷组名

lvextend　-L　＋大小　／dev／卷组／各逻辑卷名

1.修改类型

[root@localhost ~]# alias scan='echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan;echo "- - -" >/sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan;echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan'
[root@localhost ~]# scan
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0   50G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0  300M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0    3G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3   8:3    0 46.7G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
sdc      8:32   0   20G  0 disk 
sdd      8:48   0   20G  0 disk 
sr0     11:0    1   54M  0 rom  
sr1     11:1    1  4.2G  0 rom  /run/media/richard/CentOS 7 x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): 
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +10G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'

Command (m for help): w  
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x0d316383.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): 
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +10G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): q

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdd
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xdfcc404f.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): 
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +10G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0   50G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0  300M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0    3G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3   8:3    0 46.7G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdb1   8:17   0   10G  0 part 
sdc      8:32   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdc1   8:33   0   10G  0 part 
sdd      8:48   0   20G  0 disk 
└─sdd1   8:49   0   10G  0 part 
sr0     11:0    1   54M  0 rom  
sr1     11:1    1  4.2G  0 rom  /run/media/richard/CentOS 7 x86_64

2.配置物理卷

[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1
  Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.
  Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created.
  Physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully created.

3.配置卷组

[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate xu /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1
  Volume group "xu" successfully created
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               xu
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        3
  Metadata Sequence No  1
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                0
  Open LV               0
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                3
  Act PV                3
  VG Size               <29.99 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              7677
  Alloc PE / Size       0 / 0   
  Free  PE / Size       7677 / <29.99 GiB
  VG UUID               SIlwf2-9IUa-X1Pc-h63G-AbjE-CsTY-XtV4IX

4.配置逻辑卷

[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L +20G -n xny xu
  Logical volume "xny" created.
[root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/xu/xny
  LV Name                xny
  VG Name                xu
  LV UUID                Icwbf6-LIzG-8wL0-fo14-Jt5i-DzmK-3OGpzX
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2023-02-23 00:28:23 -0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                20.00 GiB
  Current LE             5120
  Segments               3
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:0

5.格式化逻辑卷

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/xu/xny
meta-data=/dev/xu/xny            isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1310720 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=5242880, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

6.挂载+扩容

[root@localhost opt]# mkdir xxu
[root@localhost opt]# ls
httpd-2.4.29  httpd-2.4.29.tar.bz2  rh  xxu
[root@localhost opt]# cd -
/root
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/xu/xny /opt/xxu
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem          Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3            47G  5.2G   42G  11% /
devtmpfs            1.4G     0  1.4G   0% /dev
tmpfs               1.4G     0  1.4G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs               1.4G  9.2M  1.4G   1% /run
tmpfs               1.4G     0  1.4G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1           297M  157M  141M  53% /boot
tmpfs               280M  8.0K  280M   1% /run/user/42
tmpfs               280M   56K  280M   1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sr1            4.3G  4.3G     0 100% /run/media/richard/CentOS 7 x86_64
tmpfs               280M     0  280M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/xu-xny   20G   33M   20G   1% /opt/xxu

[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L 22G /dev/xu/xny -r
  Size of logical volume xu/xny changed from 20.00 GiB (5120 extents) to 22.00 GiB (5632 extents).
  Logical volume xu/xny successfully resized.
meta-data=/dev/mapper/xu-xny     isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1310720 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0 spinodes=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=5242880, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal               bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 5242880 to 5767168

[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L 22G /dev/xu/xny 
  Size of logical volume xu/xny changed from 20.00 GiB (5120 extents) to 22.00 GiB (5632 extents).
  Logical volume xu/xny successfully resized.
[root@localhost ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/xu/xny 
meta-data=/dev/mapper/xu-xny     isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1310720 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0 spinodes=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=5242880, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal               bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 5242880 to 5767168
#如果扩容最后没有 -r，就需要xfs_growfs 刷新

Mapper----映射机制

ext4可以xfs无法缩减，缩减会影响业务。

1.解挂载

2.检查文件系统完整性

3.缩减文件系统

4.缩减逻辑卷上下一致

5.再挂载回去

磁盘配额概述：

实现磁盘限额的条件

需要Linux内核支持

安装xfsprogs与quota软件包

Linux磁盘限额的特点

作用范围：针对指定的文件系统（分区）

限制对象：用户账号、组账号

限制类型：磁盘容量、文件数量

限制方法：软限制、硬限制

当Linux根分区的磁盘空间耗尽时，Linux操作系统将无法再建立新的文件，同时也可能会出现服务程序崩溃、系统无法启动等故障。
为了避免在服务器中出现类似磁盘空间不足的问题，可以启用磁盘配额功能，对用户在指定文件系统(分区)中使用的磁盘空间、文件数量进行限制，以防止个别用户恶意或无意间占用大量磁盘空间，从而保持系统存储空间的稳定性和持续可用性。
在Centos系统中，不同的文件系统使用不同磁盘配额配置管理工具。例如, XFS文件系统通过xfs_quota工具进行管理;
EXT3/4 文件系统通过quota 工具进行管理。

配置如下：

1.建挂载目录、监测软件包是否安装

[root@localhost opt]# mkdir xxu
[root@localhost opt]# ls
httpd-2.4.29  httpd-2.4.29.tar.bz2  rh  xxu
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -q xfsprogs quota
xfsprogs-4.5.0-12.el7.x86_64
quota-4.01-14.el7.x86_64

2.挂载

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab

/dev/xu/xny /opt/xxu xfs defaults,usrquota,grpquota 0 0

mount -a                                          #刷新

3.磁盘限额+修改包用户权限

[root@localhost /]# xfs_quota -x -c 'limit -u bsoft=80M bhard=100M isoft=50 ihard=70 xnyy' /opt/xxu
[root@localhost /]# chmod 777 /opt/xxu
[root@localhost /]# chmod 777 opt

4.测试

[xnyy@localhost ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/opt/xxu/test.txt bs=10M count=12
dd: error writing ‘/opt/xxu/test.txt’: Disk quota exceeded
11+0 records in
10+0 records out
104857600 bytes (105 MB) copied, 0.141085 s, 743 MB/s
[xnyy@localhost ~]$ cd /opt
[xnyy@localhost opt]$ cd xxu
[xnyy@localhost xxu]$ ll
total 102400
-rw-rw-r--. 1 xnyy xnyy 104857600 Feb 23 00:49 test.txt

[xnyy@localhost xxu]$ touch {1..80}.txt
touch: cannot touch ‘71.txt’: Disk quota exceeded
touch: cannot touch ‘72.txt’: Disk quota exceeded
touch: cannot touch ‘73.txt’: Disk quota exceeded
touch: cannot touch ‘74.txt’: Disk quota exceeded
touch: cannot touch ‘75.txt’: Disk quota exceeded
touch: cannot touch ‘76.txt’: Disk quota exceeded
touch: cannot touch ‘77.txt’: Disk quota exceeded
touch: cannot touch ‘78.txt’: Disk quota exceeded
touch: cannot touch ‘79.txt’: Disk quota exceeded
touch: cannot touch ‘80.txt’: Disk quota exceeded
[xnyy@localhost xxu]$ ls
10.txt  17.txt  23.txt  2.txt   36.txt  42.txt  49.txt  55.txt  61.txt  68.txt
11.txt  18.txt  24.txt  30.txt  37.txt  43.txt  4.txt   56.txt  62.txt  69.txt
12.txt  19.txt  25.txt  31.txt  38.txt  44.txt  50.txt  57.txt  63.txt  6.txt
13.txt  1.txt   26.txt  32.txt  39.txt  45.txt  51.txt  58.txt  64.txt  70.txt
14.txt  20.txt  27.txt  33.txt  3.txt   46.txt  52.txt  59.txt  65.txt  7.txt
15.txt  21.txt  28.txt  34.txt  40.txt  47.txt  53.txt  5.txt   66.txt  8.txt
16.txt  22.txt  29.txt  35.txt  41.txt  48.txt  54.txt  60.txt  67.txt  9.txt

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LVM与磁盘分配

它是 Linux 下对硬盘分区的一种管理机制。LVM 适合于管理大存储设备，并允许用户动态调整文件系统的大小。此外，LVM 的快照功能可以帮助我们快速备份数据。LVM 为我们提供了逻辑概念上的磁盘，使得文件系统不再关心底层物理磁盘的概念。
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