Python百例-41~50

41-字符串格式化

"%s is %s years old" % ('bob', 23)  # 常用
"%s is %d years old" % ('bob', 23)  # 常用
"%s is %d years old" % ('bob', 23.5)  # %d是整数 常用
"%s is %f years old" % ('bob', 23.5)
"%s is %5.2f years old" % ('bob', 23.5)  # %5.2f是宽度为5，2位小数
"97 is %c" % 97
"11 is %#o" % 11  # %#o表示有前缀的8进制
"11 is %#x" % 11
"%10s%5s" % ('name', 'age')  # %10s表示总宽度为10，右对齐, 常用
"%10s%5s" % ('bob', 25)
"%10s%5s" % ('alice', 23)
"%-10s%-5s" % ('name', 'age')  # %-10s表示左对齐, 常用
"%-10s%-5s" % ('bob', 25)
"%10d" % 123
"%010d" % 123

"{} is {} years old".format('bob', 25)
"{1} is {0} years old".format(25, 'bob')
"{:<10}{:<8}".format('name', 'age')

42-shutil模块常用方法

import shutil

with open('/etc/passwd', 'rb') as sfobj:
    with open('/tmp/mima.txt', 'wb') as dfobj:
        shutil.copyfileobj(sfobj, dfobj) # 拷贝文件对象

shutil.copyfile('/etc/passwd', '/tmp/mima2.txt')
shutil.copy('/etc/shadow', '/tmp/')  # cp /etc/shadow /tmp/
shutil.copy2('/etc/shadow', '/tmp/')  # cp -p /etc/shadow /tmp/
shutil.move('/tmp/mima.txt', '/var/tmp/')  # mv /tmp/mima.txt /var/tmp/
shutil.copytree('/etc/security', '/tmp/anquan') # cp -r /etc/security /tmp/anquan
shutil.rmtree('/tmp/anquan')  # rm -rf /tmp/anquan
# 将mima2.txt的权限设置成与/etc/shadow一样
shutil.copymode('/etc/shadow', '/tmp/mima2.txt')
# 将mima2.txt的元数据设置成与/etc/shadow一样
# 元数据使用stat /etc/shadow查看
shutil.copystat('/etc/shadow', '/tmp/mima2.txt')
shutil.chown('/tmp/mima2.txt', user='zhangsan', group='zhangsan')

43-练习：生成文本文件

import os

def get_fname():
    while True:
        fname = input('filename: ')
        if not os.path.exists(fname):
            break
        print('%s already exists. Try again' % fname)

    return fname

def get_content():
    content = []
    print('输入数据，输入end结束')
    while True:
        line = input('> ')
        if line == 'end':
            break
        content.append(line)

    return content

def wfile(fname, content):
    with open(fname, 'w') as fobj:
        fobj.writelines(content)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    fname = get_fname()
    content = get_content()
    content = ['%s\n' % line for line in content]
    wfile(fname, content)

44-列表方法

alist = [1, 2, 3, 'bob', 'alice']
alist[0] = 10
alist[1:3] = [20, 30]
alist[2:2] = [22, 24, 26, 28]
alist.append(100)
alist.remove(24)  # 删除第一个24
alist.index('bob')  # 返回下标
blist = alist.copy()  # 相当于blist = alist[:]
alist.insert(1, 15)  # 向下标为1的位置插入数字15
alist.pop()  # 默认弹出最后一项
alist.pop(2) # 弹出下标为2的项目
alist.pop(alist.index('bob'))
alist.sort()
alist.reverse()
alist.count(20)  # 统计20在列表中出现的次数
alist.clear()  # 清空
alist.append('new')
alist.extend('new')
alist.extend(['hello', 'world', 'hehe'])

45-检查合法标识符

import sys
import keyword
import string

first_chs = string.ascii_letters + '_'
all_chs = first_chs + string.digits

def check_id(idt):
    if keyword.iskeyword(idt):
        return "%s is keyword" % idt

    if idt[0] not in first_chs:
        return "1st invalid"

    for ind, ch in enumerate(idt[1:]):
        if ch not in all_chs:
            return "char in postion #%s invalid" % (ind + 2)

    return "%s is valid" % idt


if __name__ == '__main__':
    print(check_id(sys.argv[1]))  # python3 checkid.py abc@123

46-创建用户，设置随机密码

randpass模块见37-生成密码/验证码

import subprocess
import sys
from randpass import gen_pass

def adduser(username, password, fname):
    data = """user information:
%s: %s
"""
    subprocess.call('useradd %s' % username, shell=True)
    subprocess.call(
        'echo %s | passwd --stdin %s' % (password, username),
        shell=True
    )
    with open(fname, 'a') as fobj:
        fobj.write(data % (username, password))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    username = sys.argv[1]
    password = gen_pass()
    adduser(username, password, '/tmp/user.txt')
# python3 adduser.py john

47-列表练习：模拟栈操作

stack = []

def push_it():
    item = input('item to push: ')
    stack.append(item)

def pop_it():
    if stack:
        print("from stack popped %s" % stack.pop())

def view_it():
    print(stack)

def show_menu():
    cmds = {'0': push_it, '1': pop_it, '2': view_it}  # 将函数存入字典
    prompt = """(0) push it
(1) pop it
(2) view it
(3) exit
Please input your choice(0/1/2/3): """

    while True:
        # input()得到字符串，用strip()去除两端空白，再取下标为0的字符
        choice = input(prompt).strip()[0]
        if choice not in '0123':
            print('Invalid input. Try again.')
            continue

        if choice == '3':
            break

        cmds[choice]()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    show_menu()

48-实现Linux系统中unix2dos功能

import sys

def unix2dos(fname):
    dst_fname = fname + '.txt'

    with open(fname) as src_fobj:
        with open(dst_fname, 'w') as dst_fobj:
            for line in src_fobj:
                line = line.rstrip() + '\r\n'
                dst_fobj.write(line)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unix2dos(sys.argv[1])

49-动画程序：@从一行#中穿过

\r是回车不换行

import time

length = 19
count = 0

while True:
    print('\r%s@%s' % ('#' * count, '#' * (length - count)), end='')
    try:
        time.sleep(0.3)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print('\nBye-bye')
        break
    if count == length:
        count = 0
    count += 1

50-字典基础用法

adict = dict()  # {}
dict(['ab', 'cd'])
bdict = dict([('name', 'bob'),('age', 25)])
{}.fromkeys(['zhangsan', 'lisi', 'wangwu'], 11)

for key in bdict:
    print('%s: %s' % (key, bdict[key]))

print("%(name)s: %(age)s" % bdict)

bdict['name'] = 'tom'
bdict['email'] = 'tom@tedu.cn'

del bdict['email']
bdict.pop('age')
bdict.clear()