C语言基础：文件操作

目录

>>> 文件操作一般流程：

>>> 文件的顺序读写

1.字符输入输出：fgetc()、fputc()

2.文本行输入输出：fgets()、fputs()

3.格式化输入输出：fscanf()、fprintf()

4.二进制输入输出（只适用于文件）：fread()、fwrite()

>>> 文件的随机读写

1.fseek函数

2.ftell函数

3.rewind函数

>>> 文件操作一般流程：

1.创建文件指针：FILE* pf
2.打开文件：pf = fopen( 文件名，打开方式 )
3.判断文件打开是否成功：if (pf == NULL)
4.文件操作
5.关闭文件：fclose(pf)

>>> 文件的顺序读写

1.字符输入输出：fgetc()、fputc()

函数原型：#include <stdio.h>

int fgetc( FILE *stream ); 

返回值：fgetc  return the character read as an int or return EOF to indicate an error or end of file.

int fputc( int c, FILE *stream );

返回值：The function returns the character written. For fputc a return value of EOF indicates an error

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
	FILE* pf = fopen("test.txt", "r");
	if (pf == NULL)
	{
		perror("fopen");
		return 1;
	}

	//从test中读取一个字符
	int ret = fgetc(pf);
	printf("%c\n", ret);
	ret = fgetc(pf);
	printf("%c\n", ret);

	//fgetc函数也可以从键盘读取字符
	/*ret = fgetc(stdin);
	printf("%c\n", ret);*/

	fclose(pf);
	pf = NULL;
	return 0;
}


#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
	FILE* pf = fopen("test.txt", "w");
	if (pf == NULL)
	{
		perror("fopen");
		return 1;
	}

	//往test中写一个字符
	int ret = fputc('v', pf);

	//fputc函数也可以在屏幕显示字符
	ret = fputc('n',  stdout);

	fclose(pf);
	pf = NULL;
	return 0;
}

2.文本行输入输出：fgets()、fputs()

函数原型：#include <stdio.h>

char *fgets( char *string, int n, FILE *stream );

返回值：returns string. NULL is returned to indicate an error or an end-of-file condition

int fputs( const char *string, FILE *stream );

返回值：returns a nonnegative value if it is successful. On an error, fputs returns EOF

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
	char str[10] = { 0 };
	FILE* pf = fopen("test.txt", "r");
	if (pf == NULL)
	{
		perror("fopen");
		return 1;
	}
	//注意预留\0的位置，下面代码表示取3个字符
	fgets(str, 4, pf);
	printf("%s\n", str);

	fgets(str, 4, stdin);
	printf("%s\n", str);

	fclose(pf);
	pf = NULL;
	return 0;
}


#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
	char str[10] = { 0 };
	FILE* pf = fopen("test.txt", "a");
	if (pf == NULL)
	{
		perror("fopen");
		return 1;
	}
	
	fputs("qwert\n", pf);
	fputs("asdfg\n", pf);

	fputs("qwert\n", stdout);

	fclose(pf);
	pf = NULL;
	return 0;
}

3.格式化输入输出：fscanf()、fprintf()

函数原型：#include <stdio.h>

int fscanf( FILE *stream, const char *format [, argument ]... );

int fprintf( FILE *stream, const char *format [, argument ]...);

#include <stdio.h>
struct s
{
	char arr[10];
	int num;
	float scr;
};
int main()
{
	struct s st = { "abcdef", 10, 5.5f };
	FILE* pf = fopen("test.txt", "w");
	if (pf == NULL)
	{
		perror("fopen");
		return 1;
	}
	//写文件
	fprintf(pf, "%s %d %f", st.arr, st.num, st.scr);
	//也可以屏幕显示
	fprintf(stdout, "%s %d %f", st.arr, st.num, st.scr);
	fclose(pf);
	pf = NULL;
	return 0;
}


#include <stdio.h>
struct s
{
	char arr[10];
	int num;
	float scr;
};
int main()
{
	struct s st;
	FILE* pf = fopen("test.txt", "r");
	if (pf == NULL)
	{
		perror("fopen");
		return 1;
	}
	//读文件
	fscanf(pf, "%s %d %f", st.arr, &(st.num), &(st.scr));
	printf("%s %d %f\n", st.arr, st.num, st.scr);
	//也可以键盘输入
	fscanf(stdin, "%s %d %f", st.arr, &(st.num), &(st.scr));
	printf("%s %d %f\n", st.arr, st.num, st.scr);

	fclose(pf);
	pf = NULL;
	return 0;
}

4.二进制输入输出（只适用于文件）：fread()、fwrite()

函数原型：#include <stdio.h>

size_t fread( void *buffer, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *stream );

size_t fwrite( const void *buffer, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *stream );

#include <stdio.h>
struct s
{
	char arr[10];
	int num;
	float scr;
};
int main()
{
	struct s st = { "abcdef", 10, 5.5f };
	FILE* pf = fopen("test.txt", "w");
	if (pf == NULL)
	{
		perror("fopen");
		return 1;
	}
	//二进制形式写文件
	fwrite(&st, sizeof(st), 1, pf);

	fclose(pf);
	pf = NULL;
	return 0;
}


#include <stdio.h>
struct s
{
	char arr[10];
	int num;
	float scr;
};
int main()
{
	struct s st;
	FILE* pf = fopen("test.txt", "r");
	if (pf == NULL)
	{
		perror("fopen");
		return 1;
	}
	//读文件
	fread(&st, sizeof(st), 1, pf);
	printf("%s %d %f\n", st.arr, st.num, st.scr);

	fclose(pf);
	pf = NULL;
	return 0;
}

>>> 文件的随机读写

1.fseek函数

-------根据文件指针的位置和偏移量来定位文件指针
int fseek ( FILE * stream, long int offset, int origin );

位置（origin）：SEEK_CUR----Current position of file pointer

SEEK_END----End of file

SEEK_SET----Beginning of file

2.ftell函数

-------返回文件指针相对于起始位置的偏移量
long int ftell ( FILE * stream );

3.rewind函数

-------让文件指针的位置回到文件的起始位置
void rewind ( FILE * stream );

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
	FILE* pf = fopen("test.txt", "r");
	if (pf == NULL)
	{
		perror("fopen");
		return 1;
	}
	int ch;
	//调整文件指针
	fseek(pf, -2, SEEK_END);
	//读取
	ch = fgetc(pf);
	printf("%c\n", ch);
	//计算文件指针偏移量
	int ret = ftell(pf);
	printf("%d\n", ret);
	//让文件指针回到起始位置
	rewind(pf);
	ch = fgetc(pf);
	printf("%c\n", ch);

	fclose(pf);
	pf = NULL;
	return 0;
}