redis数据备份(持久化)
1,简介:
redis持久化主要有以下两种方式来进行
RDB: 数据按照配置定期快照方式保存,默认文件名为dump.rdb redis重启自动加载
AOF: 操作命令追加日志的方式来保存,默认文件名appendonly.aof redis重启自动加载
config get dir 查找redis安装目录,也就是dump.rdb的目录。
redis重启时,dump.rdb文件放在redis安装目录,则redis会自动加载数据(默认为安装目录,地址可配置)
2,RDB详解:
1,rdb备份详情:
RDB快照触发机制
1,手动触发
save 单进程执行,执行完成前阻塞操作 (不常用)
bgsave fork一个子进程执行,不影响主进程 (常用,且redis内部操作都是bgsave)
2,自动触发
1,常见自动触发场景
1,主从复制中从节点进行全量复制,主节点自动执行bgsave,然后将rdb文件发给从节点
2,debug reload 命令的时候。(debug reload命令的意思是快照rdb文件,清空数据库,然后重新加载rdb)
3,shutdown 命令
2,配置文件自动触发
################################ SNAPSHOTTING ################################
#
# Save the DB on disk:
#
# save <seconds> <changes>
#
# Will save the DB if both the given number of seconds and the given
# number of write operations against the DB occurred.
#
# In the example below the behaviour will be to save:
# after 900 sec (15 min) if at least 1 key changed
# after 300 sec (5 min) if at least 10 keys changed
# after 60 sec if at least 10000 keys changed
#
# Note: you can disable saving completely by commenting out all "save" lines.
#
# It is also possible to remove all the previously configured save
# points by adding a save directive with a single empty string argument
# like in the following example:
#
# save ""
save 900 1 //900s内至少一个写命令则bgsave
save 300 10 //300s内至少10个写命令则bgsave
save 60 10000 //60s内至少10000条写命令
#以上是save触发配置的默认值,可根据需要修改
# By default Redis will stop accepting writes if RDB snapshots are enabled
# (at least one save point) and the latest background save failed.
# This will make the user aware (in a hard way) that data is not persisting
# on disk properly, otherwise chances are that no one will notice and some
# disaster will happen.
#
# If the background saving process will start working again Redis will
# automatically allow writes again.
#
# However if you have setup your proper monitoring of the Redis server
# and persistence, you may want to disable this feature so that Redis will
# continue to work as usual even if there are problems with disk,
# permissions, and so forth.
stop-writes-on-bgsave-error yes //假如bgsave出错后,redis主进程是否支持继续写入
(yes不可写入,no继续写入)
# Compress string objects using LZF when dump .rdb databases?
# For default that's set to 'yes' as it's almost always a win.
# If you want to save some CPU in the saving child set it to 'no' but
# the dataset will likely be bigger if you have compressible values or keys.
rdbcompression yes //rdb文件是否压缩,yes压缩,但是会影响cpu时间,no不压缩,这样快一点但是rdb文件会过大
# Since version 5 of RDB a CRC64 checksum is placed at the end of the file.
# This makes the format more resistant to corruption but there is a performance
# hit to pay (around 10%) when saving and loading RDB files, so you can disable it
# for maximum performances.
#
# RDB files created with checksum disabled have a checksum of zero that will
# tell the loading code to skip the check.
rdbchecksum yes //对rdb文件是否进行校验,默认开启,开启会影响cpu资源
# The filename where to dump the DB
dbfilename dump.rdb //rdb文件名,可自行配置,默认dump.rdb
# The working directory.
#
# The DB will be written inside this directory, with the filename specified
# above using the 'dbfilename' configuration directive.
#
# The Append Only File will also be created inside this directory.
#
# Note that you must specify a directory here, not a file name.
dir ./ //rdb文件的目录,可自信配置
################################# REPLICATION #################################
上面一段配置文件是获取的redis,rdb持久化的纯净配置文件。
比较常用的就是
save m n
dir rdb_path
2,常见命令:
info stats 下 latest_fork_usec,可以获取最近一个bgsave所用的时间
执行latesave 可以获取最后一个生成rdb的时间,返回一个时间戳
还有很多其他详情,对开发来说并不常用,需要查询的时候度娘即可
3,总结:
rdb备份的优点主要就是rdb文件小,恢复数据比较快。备份是子进程执行的,不会影响主进程。
缺点就是如果写入频繁的话,无法做到实时备份。
2,AOF详解:
1,aof备份详情:
简介:
aof区别于rdb,aof是通过操作日志追加来持久化reids操作。
就是客户端每一次对操作命令写入日志当中,追加aof文件。
触发机制:
1,手动触发:
bgrewriteaof
2,自动触发:
redis默认关闭aof备份,需要在配置文件中开启。
aof备份redis数据配置文件
############################## APPEND ONLY MODE ###############################
# By default Redis asynchronously dumps the dataset on disk. This mode is
# good enough in many applications, but an issue with the Redis process or
# a power outage may result into a few minutes of writes lost (depending on
# the configured save points).
#
# The Append Only File is an alternative persistence mode that provides
# much better durability. For instance using the default data fsync policy
# (see later in the config file) Redis can lose just one second of writes in a
# dramatic event like a server power outage, or a single write if something
# wrong with the Redis process itself happens, but the operating system is
# still running correctly.
#
# AOF and RDB persistence can be enabled at the same time without problems.
# If the AOF is enabled on startup Redis will load the AOF, that is the file
# with the better durability guarantees.
#
# Please check http://redis.io/topics/persistence for more information.
appendonly no //是否开启aof持久化
# The name of the append only file (default: "appendonly.aof")
appendfilename "appendonly.aof" //aof持久化文件
# The fsync() call tells the Operating System to actually write data on disk
# instead of waiting for more data in the output buffer. Some OS will really flush
# data on disk, some other OS will just try to do it ASAP.
#
# Redis supports three different modes:
#
# no: don't fsync, just let the OS flush the data when it wants. Faster.
# always: fsync after every write to the append only log. Slow, Safest.
# everysec: fsync only one time every second. Compromise.
#
# The default is "everysec", as that's usually the right compromise between
# speed and data safety. It's up to you to understand if you can relax this to
# "no" that will let the operating system flush the output buffer when
# it wants, for better performances (but if you can live with the idea of
# some data loss consider the default persistence mode that's snapshotting),
# or on the contrary, use "always" that's very slow but a bit safer than
# everysec.
#
# More details please check the following article:
# http://antirez.com/post/redis-persistence-demystified.html
#
# If unsure, use "everysec".
# appendfsync always //每一个操作后立即写入磁盘。
appendfsync everysec //每秒钟统计操作,写入磁盘。
# appendfsync no //依赖操作系统将数据写入磁盘。大部分linux默认30s
# When the AOF fsync policy is set to always or everysec, and a background
# saving process (a background save or AOF log background rewriting) is
# performing a lot of I/O against the disk, in some Linux configurations
# Redis may block too long on the fsync() call. Note that there is no fix for
# this currently, as even performing fsync in a different thread will block
# our synchronous write(2) call.
#
# In order to mitigate this problem it's possible to use the following option
# that will prevent fsync() from being called in the main process while a
# BGSAVE or BGREWRITEAOF is in progress.
#
# This means that while another child is saving, the durability of Redis is
# the same as "appendfsync none". In practical terms, this means that it is
# possible to lose up to 30 seconds of log in the worst scenario (with the
# default Linux settings).
#
# If you have latency problems turn this to "yes". Otherwise leave it as
# "no" that is the safest pick from the point of view of durability.
no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no //子进程重写的时候,主进程是否操作磁盘。设置为yes,则同意主进程也操作磁
盘,子进程没结束,主进程阻塞。设置为no,子进程主进程互不相干。子进程操作磁盘,主进程不操作磁盘只写入缓冲区
# Automatic rewrite of the append only file.
# Redis is able to automatically rewrite the log file implicitly calling
# BGREWRITEAOF when the AOF log size grows by the specified percentage.
#
# This is how it works: Redis remembers the size of the AOF file after the
# latest rewrite (if no rewrite has happened since the restart, the size of
# the AOF at startup is used).
#
# This base size is compared to the current size. If the current size is
# bigger than the specified percentage, the rewrite is triggered. Also
# you need to specify a minimal size for the AOF file to be rewritten, this
# is useful to avoid rewriting the AOF file even if the percentage increase
# is reached but it is still pretty small.
#
# Specify a percentage of zero in order to disable the automatic AOF
# rewrite feature.
auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100 //当前aof文件超过了上一个操作的aof文件的100%,则进行重写
auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb //当前aof文件大于64mb,则进行重写
# An AOF file may be found to be truncated at the end during the Redis
# startup process, when the AOF data gets loaded back into memory.
# This may happen when the system where Redis is running
# crashes, especially when an ext4 filesystem is mounted without the
# data=ordered option (however this can't happen when Redis itself
# crashes or aborts but the operating system still works correctly).
#
# Redis can either exit with an error when this happens, or load as much
# data as possible (the default now) and start if the AOF file is found
# to be truncated at the end. The following option controls this behavior.
#
# If aof-load-truncated is set to yes, a truncated AOF file is loaded and
# the Redis server starts emitting a log to inform the user of the event.
# Otherwise if the option is set to no, the server aborts with an error
# and refuses to start. When the option is set to no, the user requires
# to fix the AOF file using the "redis-check-aof" utility before to restart
# the server.
#
# Note that if the AOF file will be found to be corrupted in the middle
# the server will still exit with an error. This option only applies when
# Redis will try to read more data from the AOF file but not enough bytes
# will be found.
aof-load-truncated yes //redis恢复数据的时候,是否忽略最后一条指令。yes忽略。no不忽略。设置为no的时候,如果最后一条指令有问题则redis恢复失败
# When rewriting the AOF file, Redis is able to use an RDB preamble in the
# AOF file for faster rewrites and recoveries. When this option is turned
# on the rewritten AOF file is composed of two different stanzas:
#
# [RDB file][AOF tail]
#
# When loading Redis recognizes that the AOF file starts with the "REDIS"
# string and loads the prefixed RDB file, and continues loading the AOF
# tail.
aof-use-rdb-preamble yes //是否开启aof/rdb混合持久化设置(redis恢复数据时候用到)。设置为yes的时候,重写之前的数据做rdb快照,并且将rdb快照内容和增量aof内存数据的命令存在一起,都写入新的aof文件。增加恢复数据时候的速度
################################ LUA SCRIPTING ###############################
常用配置
appendonly no //是否开启aof持久化
appendfilename "appendonly.aof" //aof持久化文件
appendfsync always //每一个操作后立即写入磁盘。
appendfsync everysec //每秒钟统计操作,写入磁盘。
appendfsync no //依赖操作系统将数据写入磁盘。大部分linux默认30s
auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100 //当前aof文件超过了上一个操作的aof文件的100%,则进行重写
auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb //当前aof文件大于64mb,则进行重写
2,常见命令:
bgrewriteaof 手动重写
redis-check-aof fileName.aof //aof文件有损坏的情况下,修改aof文件
还有很多其他详细命令,对开发来说并不常用,需要的时候度娘即可
3,总结:
aof优点可以精确到每个指令都同步。aof且是日志型备份,所有操作相对独立。可恢复到任何一个节点。
缺点就是aof文件相对rdb大很多,redis恢复数据的时候效率比较低