java设计模式之观察者模式
最近接触到公司的基线,有一个开放平台的功能,接入了很多第三方接口,有一个多渠道消息推送的功能,最初这块都有不同的后台作为发布渠道,用接口来同步,非常杂乱,后来要做统一入口,即在运营后台编辑好文章发布,会自动推送给app、微信公众号、官网等渠道。作为开放平台,就要能够扩展更多的渠道。
观察者模式就非常适合这种场景----发布,订阅和扩展
观察者模式(Observer)又称发布-订阅模式(Publish-Subscribe:Pub/Sub)。它是一种通知机制,让发送通知的一方(被观察方)和接收通知的一方(观察者)能彼此分离,互不影响
要理解观察者模式,我们还是看例子。
假设一个电商网站,有多种Product(商品),同时,Customer(消费者)和Admin(管理员)对商品上架、价格改变都感兴趣,希望能第一时间获得通知。于是,Store(商场)可以这么写:
public class Store {
Customer customer;
Admin admin;
private Map<String, Product> products = new HashMap<>();
public void addNewProduct(String name, double price) {
Product p = new Product(name, price);
products.put(p.getName(), p);
// 通知用户:
customer.onPublished(p);
// 通知管理员:
admin.onPublished(p);
}
public void setProductPrice(String name, double price) {
Product p = products.get(name);
p.setPrice(price);
// 通知用户:
customer.onPriceChanged(p);
// 通知管理员:
admin.onPriceChanged(p);
}
}
客户和管理者
class Customer {
public void onPublished(Product product) {
System.out.println("[Customer] on product published: " + product);
}
public void onPriceChanged(Product product) {
System.out.println("[Customer] on product price changed: " + product);
}
}
class Admin{
public void onPublished(Product product) {
System.out.println("[Admin] on product published: " + product);
}
public void onPriceChanged(Product product) {
System.out.println("[Admin] on product price changed: " + product);
}
}
可以看到Store中添加新产品和设置新价格时都指定了要通知的人,后面如果要通知更多的人,就要修改Store中的代码,如果后期要扩展商品下架功能,也要进行通知,还是要修改Store中的代码,违反了功能唯一性原则。
既然要通知更多的人,我们可以把它们统称为观察者。
public interface ProductObserver {
void onPublished(Product product);
void onPriceChanged(Product product);
}
让客户和管理员继承观察者
class Customer implements ProductObserver {
@Override
public void onPublished(Product product) {
System.out.println("[Customer] on product published: " + product);
}
@Override
public void onPriceChanged(Product product) {
System.out.println("[Customer] on product price changed: " + product);
}
}
在商店加入观察者和商品
public class Store {
private List<ProductObserver> observers = new ArrayList<>();
private Map<String, Product> products = new HashMap<>();
public void addObserver(ProductObserver observer) {
this.observers.add(observer);
}
public void removeObserver(ProductObserver observer) {
this.observers.remove(observer);
}
public void addNewProduct(String name, double price) {
Product p = new Product(name, price);
products.put(p.getName(), p);
observers.forEach(o -> o.onPublished(p));
}
public void setProductPrice(String name, double price) {
Product p = products.get(name);
p.setPrice(price);
observers.forEach(o -> o.onPriceChanged(p));//遍历所有观察者
}
}
测试
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// observer:
Admin a = new Admin();
Customer c = new Customer();
// store:
Store store = new Store();
// register:
store.addObserver(a);
store.addObserver(c);
// 注册匿名观察者:
store.addObserver(new ProductObserver() {
@Override
public void onPublished(Product product) {
System.out.println("[Log] on product published: " + product);
}
@Override
public void onPriceChanged(Product product) {
System.out.println("[Log] on product price changed: " + product);
}
});
// operation:
store.addNewProduct("Design Patterns", 35.6);
store.addNewProduct("Effective Java", 50.8);
store.setProductPrice("Design Patterns", 31.9);
}
}
运行结果
[Admin] on product published: {Product: name=Design Patterns, price=35.6}
[Customer] on product published: {Product: name=Design Patterns, price=35.6}
[Log] on product published: {Product: name=Design Patterns, price=35.6}
[Admin] on product published: {Product: name=Effective Java, price=50.8}
[Customer] on product published: {Product: name=Effective Java, price=50.8}
[Log] on product published: {Product: name=Effective Java, price=50.8}
[Admin] on product price changed: {Product: name=Design Patterns, price=31.9}
[Customer] on product price changed: {Product: name=Design Patterns, price=31.9}
[Log] on product price changed: {Product: name=Design Patterns, price=31.9}
代码库:https://gitee.com/SlienceDemo/java-ee.git
java-ee/ proxy / src / observer
这样商品和观察者成为了商店的一个抽象属性,而上新和变价成为了独立的功能,后期要扩展,在商品发布时轮询观察者集合就通知到了所有人。不得不说观察者模式真是简单又好用。