Java单例之DCL双重检查锁

话不多说上代码！其中main函数是模仿多线程访问单例，打印对象的hashCode值来查看多线程环境下拿到的实例是不是同一个。

package com.kali.jvm.singleton;

public class V1Singleton {
    private static final V1Singleton INSTANCE = new V1Singleton();

    private V1Singleton(){}

    public static V1Singleton getInstance(){
        return INSTANCE;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
            new Thread(() ->{
                System.out.println(getInstance().hashCode());
            }).start();
        }
    }
}

这是最简单的单例模式。

以下是DCL单例模式形成的过程：

一、多线程情况下加锁：

package com.kali.jvm.singleton;

public class V3Singleton {
    private static V3Singleton SINGLETON_INSTANCE;

    private V3Singleton(){}

    public static synchronized V3Singleton getInstance(){
        if(SINGLETON_INSTANCE == null){
           try {
              Thread.sleep(10);
           } catch (InterruptedException e) {
              e.printStackTrace();
           }
           SINGLETON_INSTANCE = new V3Singleton();
        }
        return SINGLETON_INSTANCE;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
            new Thread(() ->{
                System.out.println(getInstance().hashCode());
            }).start();
        }
    }
}

二、为了提高效率缩小锁的粒度：

package com.kali.jvm.singleton;

public class V3Singleton {
    private static V3Singleton SINGLETON_INSTANCE;

    private V3Singleton(){}

    public static V3Singleton getInstance(){
        if(SINGLETON_INSTANCE == null){
            synchronized (V3Singleton.class){
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(10);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                SINGLETON_INSTANCE = new V3Singleton();
            }
        }
        return SINGLETON_INSTANCE;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
            new Thread(() ->{
                System.out.println(getInstance().hashCode());
            }).start();
        }
    }
}

在JAVA中多线程并发环境下会出错的数据被称为竞态条件。

三、上面缩小锁粒度后的程序在并发情况下还是会出现问题，当一个线程判断SINGLETON_INSTANCE为null时，恰好时间片到了，下一个线程来了之后判断为null，拿到了锁然后返回实例对象，释放锁，这时候第一个线程继续执行，因为已经判断了SINGLETON_INSTANCE为null，然后拿锁执行，又产生了一个实例。保证不了单例。所以加了双重所检查机制。

package com.kali.jvm.singleton;

/**
 * DCL双重检查锁
 * DCL单例到底需要加volatile？
 */
public class V2Singleton {
    private static V2Singleton SINGLETON_INSTANCE;

    private V2Singleton(){}

    public static V2Singleton getInstance(){
        if(SINGLETON_INSTANCE == null){
            synchronized (V2Singleton.class){
                if(SINGLETON_INSTANCE == null){
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(10);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    SINGLETON_INSTANCE = new V2Singleton();
                }
            }
        }
        return SINGLETON_INSTANCE;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
            new Thread(() ->{
                System.out.println(getInstance().hashCode());
            }).start();
        }
    }
}