线性代数-----行列式_a12a21=0吗-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Sskuki/article/details/108610791

行列式

行列式概念的引进

先来看一个方程组:

$a_{11}x_1 + a_{12}x_2 = b_1, \\a_{21}x_1 +a_{22}x_2=b_2$

假设此方程组有解.即: $a_{11}a_{22}-a_{12}a_{21} \neq 0.$ 求 $x_1和x_2$

一般会用高斯消元法求解.第一个方程乘上 $a_{22}$ ,第二个方程乘上 $a_{12}$ , 两个方程相减,消掉 $x_2$ 得到 $x_1$ 的表达式.

$x_1 = \frac{a_{22}b_1 - a_{12}b_2}{a_{11}a_22-a_{12}a_{21}}$

同理可得:

$x_2 = \frac{a_{11}b_2 - a_{21}b_1}{a_{11}a_22-a_{12}a_{21}}$

能否 10秒内把上面两个公式记住?

为了记忆, 我们引进记号

$\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad a_{12} \\ a_{12} \quad a_{22} \end{matrix} \right| = a_{11}a_22-a_{12}a_{21},这个式子就叫做行列式$

行列式其实就是速记的符号,上面的行列式是二阶行列式.

这样 $x_1, x_2$ 就有了新的表达式

$x_1 = \frac {\left| \begin{matrix} b_{1} \quad a_{12} \\ b_2 \quad a_{22} \end{matrix} \right|}{\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad a_{12} \\ a_{12} \quad a_{22} \end{matrix} \right|}, \quad x_2= \frac{\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad b_{1} \\ a_{21} \quad b_{2} \end{matrix} \right|}{\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad a_{12} \\ a_{12} \quad a_{22} \end{matrix} \right|}$

再来看一下三阶行列式:

$a_{11}x_1 +a_{12}x_2 + a_{13}x_3=b_1, \\a_{21}x_1+a_{22}x_2+a_{23}x_3=b2,\\a_{31}x_1 + a_{32}x_2 +a_{33}x_3=b3.$

$使用高斯消元法得到x_1, x_2, x_3的分母为a_{11}a_{22}a_{33} + a_{12}a_{23}a_{31} + a_{13}a_{21}a_{32} - a_{13}a_{22}a_{31} - a_{11}a_{23}a_{32} - a_{12}a_{21}a_{33}$

我们定义以下式子为三阶行列式.

$\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad a_{12} \quad a_{13}\\ a_{12} \quad a_{22} \quad a_{23} \\ a_{31} \quad a_{32} \quad a_{33}\end{matrix} \right| = a_{11}a_{22}a_{33} + a_{12}a_{23}a_{31} + a_{13}a_{21}a_{32} - a_{13}a_{22}a_{31} - a_{11}a_{23}a_{32} - a_{12}a_{21}a_{33}$

练习计算以下矩阵的行列式的值:

$\left| \begin{matrix} 1 \quad 4 \quad 3\\ -5 \quad 2 \quad 1 \\ 3 \quad 6 \quad 1\end{matrix} \right|$

$\left| \begin{matrix} 1 \quad 0 \quad 0\\ -5 \quad 2 \quad 3 \\ 3 \quad 3 \quad 5\end{matrix} \right|$

n阶行列式

$D=\left| \begin{matrix} a_{11} \quad a_{12} \quad a_{13}\\ a_{12} \quad a_{22} \quad a_{23} \\ a_{31} \quad a_{32} \quad a_{33}\end{matrix} \right| = a_{11}a_{22}a_{33} + a_{12}a_{23}a_{31} + a_{13}a_{21}a_{32} - a_{13}a_{22}a_{31} - a_{11}a_{23}a_{32} - a_{12}a_{21}a_{33}$

$a_{11}(a_{22}a_{33} - a_{23}a_{32}) +a_{12}(a_{23}a_{31} - a_{21}a_{33}) + a_{13}(a_{21}a_{32} - a_{22}a_{31})$

$=a_{11}\left| \begin{matrix} a_{22} \quad a_{23} \\ a_{32} \quad a_{33} \end{matrix} \right| - a_{12}\left| \begin{matrix} a_{21} \quad a_{23} \\ a_{31} \quad a_{33} \end{matrix} \right| + a_{13}\left| \begin{matrix} a_{21} \quad a_{22} \\ a_{31} \quad a_{32} \end{matrix} \right|$

$=a_{11}(-1)^{1+1}\left| \begin{matrix} a_{22} \quad a_{23} \\ a_{32} \quad a_{33} \end{matrix} \right| + a_{12}(-1)^{1+2}\left| \begin{matrix} a_{21} \quad a_{23} \\ a_{31} \quad a_{33} \end{matrix} \right| + a_{13}(-1)^{1 + 3}\left| \begin{matrix} a_{21} \quad a_{22} \\ a_{31} \quad a_{32} \end{matrix} \right|$

记 $A_{11} = (-1)^{1+1}\left| \begin{matrix} a_{22} \quad a_{23} \\ a_{32} \quad a_{33} \end{matrix} \right|, A_{12}=(-1)^{1+2}\left| \begin{matrix} a_{21} \quad a_{23} \\ a_{31} \quad a_{33} \end{matrix} \right|, A_{13}=(-1)^{1 + 3}\left| \begin{matrix} a_{21} \quad a_{22} \\ a_{31} \quad a_{32} \end{matrix} \right|$