装 饰 器 骗 局
Python 函数装饰器:https://www.runoob.com/w3cnote/python-func-decorators.html
装饰器的本意:
加上装饰器—>除了自身功能还有被装饰的内容
不加装饰器—>只有自身的功能
先来看一个装饰器的使用范例:
#计算程序运算时间的装饰器 --- 需要有一个形参 接受待验证运行时间的函数
def get_time(func):
def wrapper():
import time
start = time.time()
func()
stop = time.time()
print("执行时间", stop - start)
return wrapper
'''
怎么为对应的功能添加装饰器
使用@语法糖 在被需要添加装饰器的功能上方 @装饰器的外部函数
'''
@get_time
def print_nine_table():
for r in range(1, 10):
for c in range(1, r + 1):
print(f"{c} * {r} = {r*c}", end="\t")
print()
print_nine_table()
装饰器----->原有函数功能增加 or 函数重构 ?
咱们先来看下 Python 中的函数的一些操作:
def hi(name="yasoob"):
return "hi " + name
print(hi())
# output: 'hi yasoob'
# 我们甚至可以将一个函数赋值给一个变量,比如
greet = hi
# 我们这里没有在使用小括号,因为我们并不是在调用hi函数
# 而是在将它放在greet变量里头。我们尝试运行下这个
print(greet())
# output: 'hi yasoob'
# 如果我们删掉旧的hi函数,看看会发生什么!
del hi
print(hi())
# outputs: NameError
print(greet())
# outputs: 'hi yasoob'
在函数中定义函数:
def hi(name="yasoob"):
print("now you are inside the hi() function")
def greet():
return "now you are in the greet() function"
def welcome():
return "now you are in the welcome() function"
print(greet())
print(welcome())
print("now you are back in the hi() function")
hi()
# output:now you are inside the hi() function
# now you are in the greet() function
# now you are in the welcome() function
# now you are back in the hi() function
# 上面展示了无论何时你调用hi(), greet()和welcome()将会同时被调用。
# 然后greet()和welcome()函数在hi()函数之外是不能访问的,比如:
greet()
# outputs: NameError: name 'greet' is not defined
从函数中返回函数:
def hi(name="yasoob"):
def greet():
return "now you are in the greet() function"
def welcome():
return "now you are in the welcome() function"
if name == "yasoob":
return greet
else:
return welcome
a = hi()
print(a)
# outputs: <function greet at 0x7f2143c01500>
# 上面清晰地展示了`a`现在指向到hi()函数中的greet()函数
# 现在试试这个
print(a())
# outputs: now you are in the greet() function
将函数作为参数传给另一个函数:
def hi():
return "hi yasoob!"
def doSomethingBeforeHi(func):
print("I am doing some boring work before executing hi()")
print(func())
doSomethingBeforeHi(hi)
# outputs:I am doing some boring work before executing hi()
# hi yasoob!
装饰器实例:
def a_new_decorator(a_func):
def wrapTheFunction():
print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()")
a_func()
print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()")
return wrapTheFunction
def a_function():
print("I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell")
a_function()
# outputs: "I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell"
a_function =a_new_decorator(a_functionn)
# now a_function is wrapped by wrapTheFunction()
a_function()
# outputs:I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()
# I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell
# I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()
语法糖@:
@a_new_decorator
def a_function():
"""Hey you! Decorate me!"""
print("I am the function which needs some decoration to "
"remove my foul smell")
a_function()
# outputs: I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()
# I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell
# I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()
# the @a_new_decorator is just a short way of saying:
a_function= a_new_decorator(a_function)
重构的问题:函数被warpTheFunction替代了。它重写了我们函数的名字和注释文档(docstring)
print(a_function.__name__)
# Output: wrapTheFunction
functools.wraps的引入:
from functools import wraps
def a_new_decorator(a_func):
@wraps(a_func)
def wrapTheFunction():
print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()")
a_func()
print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()")
return wrapTheFunction
@a_new_decorator
def a_function():
"""Hey yo! Decorate me!"""
print("I am the function which needs some decoration to "
"remove my foul smell")
print(a_function.__name__)
# Output: a_function
综上所述:装饰器本质上是通过程序内容上的一系列操作,把某一个函数的函数体进行了重写,只是名称还是当初那个函数名称,对于计算机来说,只要函数名称一样就会执行相应的函数.