LCT是一种比较神的数据结构,它能够支持对树的link,cut,换根和各种维护边权点权,链的信息的比较神的数据结构。其主要思想是利用splay维护每一条偏爱链,利用access操作,动态的变幻树的结构,以达到查询目的。
splay以深度为关键字。
splay要求支持:
int fa[N] , ch[N][2] , S[N] , a[N];
bool rev[N];
void pushup(int x) {
S[x] = S[ch[x][0]] + S[ch[x][1]] + 1;
}
void pushdown(int x) {
if(rev[x]) {
rev[ch[x][0]] ^= 1;
rev[ch[x][1]] ^= 1;
swap(ch[x][0],ch[x][1]);
rev[x] = 0;
}
}
int dir(int x) {
return (x == ch[fa[x]][1]);
}
bool isroot(int x) {
return ((ch[fa[x]][0] != x) && (ch[fa[x]][1] != x));
}
void rotate(int x) {
int F = fa[x] , GF = fa[F];
int dir_x = dir(x);
if(!isroot(F)) ch[GF][dir(F)] = x;
fa[x] = GF; fa[F] = x;
ch[F][dir_x] = ch[x][!dir_x];
if(ch[x][!dir_x])fa[ch[x][!dir_x]] = F;
ch[x][!dir_x] = F;
pushup(F);pushup(x);
}
void splay(int x) {
stack<int>F;
while(!F.empty()) F.pop();
F.push(x);
//* * * warning* * *//
for(int i = x;!isroot(i);i = fa[i]) F.push(fa[i]);
while(!F.empty()) {
int V = F.top(); F.pop();
pushdown(V);
}
while(!isroot(x) && !isroot(fa[x])) {
if(dir(fa[x]) == dir(x)) {
rotate(fa[x]); rotate(x);
}
else rotate(x) , rotate(x);
}
if(!isroot(x)) rotate(x);
}
access(x)操作,可以把x到x这个联通块的根在splay上连接起来:
具体是从x一直往上跳先,把他旋到原联通块splay的根,把原来的右儿子赋给x到根路径上的下一个点,如果是x,那么就应该断开他的右儿子。
因为是splay,所以不用管左儿子(仔细思考)。
void access(int x) {
int t = 0;
while(x) {
splay(x);
ch[x][1] = t;
pushup(x);
t = x;
x = fa[x];
}
}
make_root操作,先access(x),之后把x,旋到根,将这条链上的所有点的splay树上的左右儿子交换——即深度倒序。
直观地理解一下:
x的儿子对于x的深度大小关系不变,链上其它点的子树对于其父亲深度关系不变,只有链上的点深度倒了一下,就打个交换标记即可。
void make_root(int x) {
access(x); splay(x); rev[x] ^= 1;
}
link(x,y)直接x变根然后把y赋成他的父亲。
void link(int x,int y) {
make_root(x); fa[x] = y;
}
cut 很直观。
void cut(int x ,int y) {
make_root(x);access(y);
splay(y);
ch[y][0] = fa[x] = 0 ,pushup(y);
}
查询连通性:找联通快的根比较是否相同:
int find(int x) {
access(x);
splay(x);
while(ch[x][0]) x = ch[x][0];
return x;
}
例题1:
BZOJ2049cave
裸题判连通性。
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
const int N = 10005;
char ty[11];
int n , m , x , y , fa[N] , ch[N][2];
bool rev[N];
inline bool isroot(int x) {
return ((ch[fa[x]][0] != x) && (ch[fa[x]][1] != x));
}
inline int dir(int x) {
return (ch[fa[x]][1] == x);
}
inline void pushdown(int x) {
if(rev[x]) {
rev[x] = 0;
swap(ch[x][0] , ch[x][1]);
rev[ch[x][0]] ^= 1;
rev[ch[x][1]] ^= 1;
}
}
inline void rotate(int x) {
int F = fa[x] , dir_x = dir(x), GF = fa[F];
if(!isroot(F)) {
ch[GF][dir(F)] = x;
}
fa[F] = x; fa[x] = GF;
ch[F][dir_x] = ch[x][!dir_x];
if(ch[F][dir_x]) fa[ch[F][dir_x]] = F;
ch[x][!dir_x] = F;
}
int st[N];
inline void splay(int x) {
int top = 0;
st[++top] = x;
for(int i = x;!isroot(i);i = fa[i]) {
st[++ top] = fa[i];
}
while(1) {
pushdown(st[top]);
top --;
if(top ==0) break;
}
while(!isroot(x) && !isroot(fa[x])) {
if(dir(x) == dir(fa[x])) {
rotate(fa[x]);rotate(x);
}
else rotate(x) , rotate(x);
}
if(!isroot(x)) rotate(x);
}
int t;
inline void access(int x) {
t = 0;
while(x) {
splay(x);
ch[x][1] = t;
t = x;
x = fa[x];
}
}
inline void make_root(int x) {
access(x); splay(x); rev[x] ^= 1;
}
inline void link(int x,int y) {
make_root(x); fa[x] = y;
}
inline void cut(int x ,int y) {
make_root(x);
access(y);
splay(y);
fa[x] = ch[y][0] = 0;
}
int Find(int x) {
access(x);
splay(x);
while(ch[x][0]) x = ch[x][0];
// 人工找联通快的最高点
return x;
}
int main() {
scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
for(int i = 1;i <= m;i ++) {
scanf("%s",ty);
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y);
if(ty[0] == 'Q') {
if(Find(x) == Find(y)) {
puts("Yes");
}
else puts("No");
}
if(ty[0] == 'C') link(x,y);
if(ty[0] == 'D') cut(x,y);
}
}
BZOJ 2002 弹飞绵羊,查询深度。
%:pragma GCC optimize(2)
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
const int N = 200005;
int n;
int fa[N] , ch[N][2] , S[N] , a[N];
bool rev[N];
void pushup(int x) {
S[x] = S[ch[x][0]] + S[ch[x][1]] + 1;
}
void pushdown(int x) {
if(rev[x]) {
rev[ch[x][0]] ^= 1;
rev[ch[x][1]] ^= 1;
swap(ch[x][0],ch[x][1]);
rev[x] = 0;
}
}
int dir(int x) {
return (x == ch[fa[x]][1]);
}
bool isroot(int x) {
return ((ch[fa[x]][0] != x) && (ch[fa[x]][1] != x));
}
void rotate(int x) {
int F = fa[x] , GF = fa[F];
int dir_x = dir(x);
if(!isroot(F)) ch[GF][dir(F)] = x;
fa[x] = GF; fa[F] = x;
ch[F][dir_x] = ch[x][!dir_x];
if(ch[x][!dir_x])fa[ch[x][!dir_x]] = F;
ch[x][!dir_x] = F;
pushup(F);pushup(x);
}
void splay(int x) {
stack<int>F;
while(!F.empty()) F.pop();
F.push(x);
//* * * warning* * *//
for(int i = x;!isroot(i);i = fa[i]) F.push(fa[i]);
while(!F.empty()) {
int V = F.top(); F.pop();
pushdown(V);
}
while(!isroot(x) && !isroot(fa[x])) {
if(dir(fa[x]) == dir(x)) {
rotate(fa[x]); rotate(x);
}
else rotate(x) , rotate(x);
}
if(!isroot(x)) rotate(x);
}
//简略写法。
void access(int x) {
int t = 0;
while(x) {
splay(x);
ch[x][1] = t;
pushup(x);
t = x;
x = fa[x];
}
}
void make_root(int x) {
access(x); splay(x); rev[x] ^= 1;
}
void link(int x,int y) {
make_root(x); fa[x] = y;
}
void cut(int x ,int y) {
make_root(x);access(y);
splay(y);
ch[y][0] = fa[x] = 0 ,pushup(y);
}
int find(int x) {
access(x);
splay(x);
while(ch[x][0]) x = ch[x][0];
return x;
}
int main() {
scanf("%d",&n);
int ty , x , y;
for(int i = 1;i <= n;i ++) {
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
link(i,min(i+a[i],n+1));
}
int q;scanf("%d",&q);
for(int i = 1;i <= q;i ++) {
scanf("%d%d",&ty,&x);
x ++;
if(ty == 1) {
make_root(n + 1);
access(x);splay(x);
printf("%d\n",S[x] - 1);
}
else {
scanf("%d",&y);
cut(x,min(n + 1, x+ a[x]));
link(x,min(n + 1, x+ y));
a[x] = y;
}
}
}