本文详细阐述了英语语法中的谓语概念，包括简单谓语和复合谓语，并解释了实义动词、情态动词和助动词的区别。同时，深入探讨了双宾语结构，如直接宾语和间接宾语的位置变化，以及在被动语态中的转换规则。此外，还介绍了宾语补足语的作用和分析方法，以及及物和不及物动词的判断。关键词涉及动词类型、句子成分和语法分析。
谓语
谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
简单谓语
简单谓语由一个动词或动词短语构成
He practices running every morning.
He reads newspapers every day.
They made a cake for me.
复合谓语
复合谓语由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成的
You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
My sister is crying over there.
I have been reading the book all the time.
I would stay at home all day.
注意
-
构成一般疑问句和否定句的助动词也是复合谓语的一部分
Has he come back?
He didn’t attend the meeting yesterday.
Does he like reading?
-
系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语
We are students.
You idea sounds great.
实义动词：有词语意义，可以单独作谓语
情态动词：有词语意义，但不能单独作谓语
助动词：无词汇意义，不能单独作谓语
强调句
- 口气
- 重读单词
- 用叹词强调
- 使用特定语音/语调/语气强调
- 书面形式
- 粗体
- 斜体
- 下划线
- 全部大写
- 标点符号
- 词汇强调
- 添加强调句
- 重复单词
- 使用助动词
- 强调代词
- 句式强调
- 倒装
- 感叹
- it+be动词+that…
双宾语
-
间接宾语是两个宾语中另外一个，是谓语动词的间接承受者，表示谓语动作的方向（对谁做）或动作的目标（为谁做）。
-
常见的双宾动词
award, buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tell,bring, do, make, pass, sell, send, sing, write,answer, deny, envy, refuse, save, spare
例句:
- I gave you an apple.
- I give him my pen.
- I give my pen to him
- The teacher tells us a story.
v + sb. + sth. = v + sth. + to + sb.
- to 表示“到达；给予；向”，强调空间关系，从a到b的移动。
- 间接宾语放在后面时其前面要加to到常见动词
v + sb. + sth. = v + sth. + for + sb.
- for表示“为了；代劳；付出了劳力”，强调动作是“为了谁”
- 间接宾语放在后面时其前面要加for到常见动词：find, get, make, order, prepare, save, sing, spare
v + sb. + sth. = v + sth. + of + sb.
- of 表示所属关系
It’s an environment where more and more is being asked of employees.
在新的环境下，员工被要求得越来越多。
The question was once asked of a highly successful businessman.
曾经有人问一个非常成功的商人这个问题。
What exactly is required of a receptionist?
接待员的职责到底是什么？
一般情况下，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后
Peppa gives George(间接宾语) a football(直接宾语).
当直接宾语为代词，或间接宾语较长时，此时间接宾语前需要加介词to或者for，也可以加with.
give it to me.
Give the book to the student who has no money to buy one.
含有双宾语的动词在变为被动语态时，有以下三种情形：
-
有些双宾动词(如award, buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tell等)在变为被动语态时，既可把间接宾语(指人)变为被动语态的主语，而把直接宾语(指事物)保留下来(称为保留宾语)，也可把直接宾语(指事物)变为被动语态的主语，而把间接宾语改为介词to 或for引起的状语(到底用to还是for，与所搭配的动词有关)。
-
He gave her some money. 他给她一些钱。
→ She was given some money.
→Some money was given to her.
-
He bought her a watch. 他给她买了一块表。
→ A watch was bought for her.
→She was bought a watch.
-
-
有些双宾动词(如bring, do, make, pass, sell, send, sing, write等)通常用直接宾语(指事物)作被动语态的主语，而将间接宾语用作保留宾语(其前根据情况用介词to或for)：
-
Father made me a doll.
→ A doll was made for me.
-
He wrote her a letter.
→ A letter was written to her.
-
-
有些双宾动词(如answer, deny, envy, refuse, save, spare等)通常用间接宾语(指人)作被动语态的主语，而将直接宾语用作保留宾语：
-
He answered me that question.
→ I was answered that question by him.
-
宾语和宾语补足语
宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。
He asked me to lend him some money.
双宾语和复合宾语结构的分析
方法一：看动词
-
双宾语结构
在双宾结构中，对应的动词被称为双宾动词，顾名思义，在这之后将接上两个宾语：
动词的含义带有“给予、告知、拒绝”含义的是双宾。
这种动词一般会带一个“目标”，就是间接宾语，一般间宾都是人，直宾是物或事，主语通过某种动作将某物“给予”某人。
双宾结构一般是
主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾，但是一般的，可以等价转化成主 + 谓 + 直宾 + to/for + 间宾。 -
复合宾语结构
宾语补足语均旨在补充说明宾语的意义、状态，与宾语之间存在逻辑关系。
复合宾语结构的一般形式，即
主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补，大多数情况下，这个句式是固定的。-
Natsuno’s channel does not let in people who speak rude words all the time.
可以看出，本来应该是 let people in，但由于 people 的修饰语比较长，作为宾语补足语的 in 提到了前面。
-
名词作宾补的动词：call, name, make…
-
形容词作宾补的动词：keep, find, get, make, think…
-
动词不定式/分词作宾补：advise, enjoy, feel, hear, see, notice, make…
动词不定式、过去分词和现在分词，即非谓语动词。非谓语动词都有可能作宾补。但注意，感官动词和使役动词后接的动词不定式都去掉了 to
- see sb do sth
- see sb doing sth
- see sth/sb done
- make sb do sth
- make sth/sb done
- 介词及介词短语作宾补
-
方法二：分析逻辑关系
双宾之间并没有直接的逻辑关系，而宾补是补充说明宾语的状态或性质，与宾语间可能为主谓或主表关系。
方法三：猜结论
先看AB是否均为名词性，是，为复合宾语，不是，进入下一个判断，能否改写，如果能，双宾语，不能，复合宾语。
if AB 不都是名词性词 then
原句为复合宾语
else
if AB 能改写成 B to/for A then
原句为双宾语
else
原句为复合宾语
双宾、宾补、目的状语从句的区别
宾语
宾语是动作的对象
-
动作的对象
- 名词
- 代词
- 相当于名词的词，短语，从句
-
分类
-
动词宾语
We have breakfast at seven.
Tom plays computer games every day.
They bought a new car last week.
-
介词宾语
-
宾语补足语
宾补是补充说明宾语的状态或性质，与宾语间可能为主谓或主表关系。
-
构成
-
名词
-
非谓语动词
-
介词短语
-
形容词
-
-
名词
名词（或名词性从句）作宾补于该结构的常见动词有make, call, name, leave, elect 等
They named the child Jimmy.
You call this a team?
We find English a useful tool in the study of science.
-
形容词或副词作宾补
make, keep, get, set, drive, find, print, want, wish, have, burn, push等
I found the book very interesting.
He pushed the door open.
He could hardly keep his eyes open.
-
介词短语作宾补
Please make yourself at home.
I found everything in good conditong.
He pushed the door open and found nobody in the room.
Whenever you go there you will always find him at work.
-
非谓语动词作宾补
The teacher told the class to put away their books.
I heard someone sing in the next room.
The boss kept them working all day.
Can i have this parcel weighted here?
The little girl found her toy bear hidden under the bed.
及物动词
及物动词指的是动作直接作用于客体的动词。指后面可以加宾语的动词。
所谓“及物”，“及”有“从后头跟上、达到、关联”等意，“及物”说明需要带“物”来完成一个动作，这个动作是有对象的，这个对象就是它后面要加的宾语，也就是通常意义上的宾语，一般后面可直接加宾语的动词，有被动形式。
判断方法
用“I”做主语，用要判断的动词做谓语，用“某人/某物/某事”中的一个，做宾语造一个句子，看看，意思通顺的，是及物动词，意思莫名其妙的，是不及物动词。
例如：
do做：I do sth我做某事。通顺，是及物动词
rest休息：我休息某物。意思莫名其妙，是不及物动词。
主+谓+双宾
tell, bring, take, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, send, show, teach, buy, make …
不及物动词
- 不及物动词就是一个动作不能施加到另一个物体上，也就是后面不能加宾语。它的动作没有对象，只是表示某种状态。不可直接加宾语，一般要先加介词后再接宾语。
- 不及物动词有：feel 觉得、 listen听、seem似乎、stand站、rest休息、fall落下、come来到、 fly飞、hurry仓促、belong属于。
- arrive in/at, belong to 属于, look at, depend on 陪伴, lie 躺，位于, listen to 听, succeed in 成功, live in 居住, stay at 待
- 主 + 谓
- 不及物动词接宾语，要借助介词
例句：
-
We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(这个句子中，arrived是不及物动词，介词at不能省去)
-
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
这个句子中，spoke 是不及物动词，后面要先加介词at后再接宾语。
动词
瞬间动词和延续性动词
| 动词 | 特点 | 用法 | 例词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 延续性动词 | 表示能够延续的动作 | 可与表示“段时间”状语连用(for, since, how long …) | learn, work, live, read, … |
| 瞬间动词 | 表示不能够延续的动作 | a. 不可与表示“段时间”状语连用 b. 可用于when 时间状语从句，不可用于while时间状语从句 | come, go, begin, stop, die, buy, sell, follow, lend, join |
| 瞬间动词 | 相应的延续性动词 |
|---|---|
| leave | be away (from) |
| die | be dead |
| finish/end | be over |
| open | be open |
| join | be in / be a member of |
| borrow/lend | keep |
| buy | have |
| begin/start | be on |
实义动词和非实义动词
-
实义动词
有真实动作存在的动词
- 一般动词
- 感官动词
- 五看：see, notice, look at, watch, observe
- 两听：listen to, hear
- 一感：feel
- 一尝：taste
- 一闻：smell
- 使役动词： make, let, get, have, help
-
非实意动词
没有真实动作存在的动词
- be动词
- 情态动词
- 助动词
助动词
-
帮助构成时态
He has arrived.
I have been painting all day.
-
帮助构成否定句和疑问句
Does he like English?
He doesn’t have lunch at home.
-
帮助构成被动语态
Tree are planted in spring.
-
帮助构成虚拟语气
If he had come yesterday, i wouldn’t have made such a mistake.
had, would, have帮助构成虚拟语气
-
帮助构成倒装句
So much did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on birthday.
did 帮助构成倒装
-
帮助构成强调意义
He did come yesterday.
did帮助构成强调意义
形容词
修饰名词
修饰定语/表语/补语
副词 -> 状语
修饰动词
The man drove carefully.
He is probably at home.
修饰副词
The man drove extremely carefully.
修饰形容词
修饰整个句子
Luckily, the extremely careful man drove extremely carefully.
副词的分类
-
时间副词
now, soon, yesterday, then, tomorrow
-
地点副词
地点/方向副词：here, outside, straight, there, away, upstairs
-
方向副词
-
频度副词
alway, frequently, sometimes, usually, often, seldom
-
程度副词
very, pretty, almost, quite, rather, too, extremely
-
方式副词
successfully, warmly, rapidly, quickly, suddenly
扫一扫
699
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
