最近因为项目需要在图片中截取身份证照片，原始图片大致如下
在安装opencv的环境时发现opencv提供了java的依赖包以及动态链接库，为javaer来说，提供了使用opencv的方式！
1.环境配置
使用方式很简单：
只需要从：
https://opencv.org/opencv-3-4-1.html
上下载opencv的自动解压安装包，在解压后生成的文件opencv\build\java目录下找到opencv-341.jar文件，加入到项目的依赖，以及对应将X64或者x86文件夹中的opencv_java341.dll动态链接库文件加入到jdk和jre的bin目录下就可以通过引用opencv-341.jar文件来使用opencv了。
2.开始编码
首先需要读取文件，将文件载入到内存中，Mat src = Imgcodecs.imread(filePath+fileName,3);
注意，在这里我们获取图像，通道数为3，获取的是彩色的图像，如果要获取灰度图像可以将3设为0，获取到的就是灰度图像了。
在这里我们获取的是原始的三通道彩色图像。
接下来将获取得图像转化为灰度图（其实可以直接在上一步将通道数设置为0，结果相同）：
Imgproc.cvtColor(Image, gray, Imgproc.COLOR_BGR2GRAY);
意思将RGB颜色的图像转化为灰度图，更多的可选值可以参考刚才下载的opencv\sources\modules\imgproc\include\opencv2中imgproc.hpp文件中ColorConversionCodes枚举类，其具体定义如下：
enum ColorConversionCodes {
COLOR_BGR2BGRA = 0, //!< add alpha channel to RGB or BGR image
COLOR_RGB2RGBA = COLOR_BGR2BGRA,
COLOR_BGRA2BGR = 1, //!< remove alpha channel from RGB or BGR image
COLOR_RGBA2RGB = COLOR_BGRA2BGR,
COLOR_BGR2RGBA = 2, //!< convert between RGB and BGR color spaces (with or without alpha channel)
COLOR_RGB2BGRA = COLOR_BGR2RGBA,
COLOR_RGBA2BGR = 3,
COLOR_BGRA2RGB = COLOR_RGBA2BGR,
COLOR_BGR2RGB = 4,
COLOR_RGB2BGR = COLOR_BGR2RGB,
COLOR_BGRA2RGBA = 5,
COLOR_RGBA2BGRA = COLOR_BGRA2RGBA,
COLOR_BGR2GRAY = 6, //!< convert between RGB/BGR and grayscale, @ref color_convert_rgb_gray "color conversions"
COLOR_RGB2GRAY = 7,
COLOR_GRAY2BGR = 8,
COLOR_GRAY2RGB = COLOR_GRAY2BGR,
COLOR_GRAY2BGRA = 9,
COLOR_GRAY2RGBA = COLOR_GRAY2BGRA,
COLOR_BGRA2GRAY = 10,
COLOR_RGBA2GRAY = 11,
COLOR_BGR2BGR565 = 12, //!< convert between RGB/BGR and BGR565 (16-bit images)
COLOR_RGB2BGR565 = 13,
COLOR_BGR5652BGR = 14,
COLOR_BGR5652RGB = 15,
COLOR_BGRA2BGR565 = 16,
COLOR_RGBA2BGR565 = 17,
COLOR_BGR5652BGRA = 18,
COLOR_BGR5652RGBA = 19,
COLOR_GRAY2BGR565 = 20, //!< convert between grayscale to BGR565 (16-bit images)
COLOR_BGR5652GRAY = 21,
COLOR_BGR2BGR555 = 22, //!< convert between RGB/BGR and BGR555 (16-bit images)
COLOR_RGB2BGR555 = 23,
COLOR_BGR5552BGR = 24,
COLOR_BGR5552RGB = 25,
COLOR_BGRA2BGR555 = 26,
COLOR_RGBA2BGR555 = 27,
COLOR_BGR5552BGRA = 28,
COLOR_BGR5552RGBA = 29,
COLOR_GRAY2BGR555 = 30, //!< convert between grayscale and BGR555 (16-bit images)
COLOR_BGR5552GRAY = 31,
COLOR_BGR2XYZ = 32, //!< convert RGB/BGR to CIE XYZ, @ref color_convert_rgb_xyz "color conversions"
COLOR_RGB2XYZ = 33,
COLOR_XYZ2BGR = 34,
COLOR_XYZ2RGB = 35,
COLOR_BGR2YCrCb = 36, //!< convert RGB/BGR to luma-chroma (aka YCC), @ref color_convert_rgb_ycrcb "color conversions"
COLOR_RGB2YCrCb = 37,
COLOR_YCrCb2BGR = 38,
COLOR_YCrCb2RGB = 39,
COLOR_BGR2HSV = 40, //!< convert RGB/BGR to HSV (hue saturation value), @ref color_convert_rgb_hsv "color conversions"
COLOR_RGB2HSV = 41,
COLOR_BGR2Lab = 44, //!< convert RGB/BGR to CIE Lab, @ref color_convert_rgb_lab "color conversions"
COLOR_RGB2Lab = 45,
COLOR_BGR2Luv = 50, //!< convert RGB/BGR to CIE Luv, @ref color_convert_rgb_luv "color conversions"
COLOR_RGB2Luv = 51,
COLOR_BGR2HLS = 52, //!< convert RGB/BGR to HLS (hue lightness saturation), @ref color_convert_rgb_hls "color conversions"
COLOR_RGB2HLS = 53,
COLOR_HSV2BGR = 54, //!< backward conversions to RGB/BGR
COLOR_HSV2RGB = 55,
COLOR_Lab2BGR = 56,
COLOR_Lab2RGB = 57,
COLOR_Luv2BGR = 58,
COLOR_Luv2RGB = 59,
COLOR_HLS2BGR = 60,
COLOR_HLS2RGB = 61,
COLOR_BGR2HSV_FULL = 66, //!<
COLOR_RGB2HSV_FULL = 67,
COLOR_BGR2HLS_FULL = 68,
COLOR_RGB2HLS_FULL = 69,
COLOR_HSV2BGR_FULL = 70,
COLOR_HSV2RGB_FULL = 71,
COLOR_HLS2BGR_FULL = 72,
COLOR_HLS2RGB_FULL = 73,
COLOR_LBGR2Lab = 74,
COLOR_LRGB2Lab = 75,
COLOR_LBGR2Luv = 76,
COLOR_LRGB2Luv = 77,
COLOR_Lab2LBGR = 78,
COLOR_Lab2LRGB = 79,
COLOR_Luv2LBGR = 80,
COLOR_Luv2LRGB = 81,
COLOR_BGR2YUV = 82, //!< convert between RGB/BGR and YUV
COLOR_RGB2YUV = 83,
COLOR_YUV2BGR = 84,
COLOR_YUV2RGB = 85,
//! YUV 4:2:0 family to RGB
COLOR_YUV2RGB_NV12 = 90,
COLOR_YUV2BGR_NV12 = 91,
COLOR_YUV2RGB_NV21 = 92,
COLOR_YUV2BGR_NV21 = 93,
COLOR_YUV420sp2RGB = COLOR_YUV2RGB_NV21,
COLOR_YUV420sp2BGR = COLOR_YUV2BGR_NV21,
COLOR_YUV2RGBA_NV12 = 94,
COLOR_YUV2BGRA_NV12 = 95,
COLOR_YUV2RGBA_NV21 = 96,
COLOR_YUV2BGRA_NV21 = 97,
COLOR_YUV420sp2RGBA = COLOR_YUV2RGBA_NV21,
COLOR_YUV420sp2BGRA = COLOR_YUV2BGRA_NV21,
COLOR_YUV2RGB_YV12 = 98,
COLOR_YUV2BGR_YV12 = 99,
COLOR_YUV2RGB_IYUV = 100,
COLOR_YUV2BGR_IYUV = 101,
COLOR_YUV2RGB_I420 = COLOR_YUV2RGB_IYUV,
COLOR_YUV2BGR_I420 = COLOR_YUV2BGR_IYUV,
COLOR_YUV420p2RGB = COLOR_YUV2RGB_YV12,
COLOR_YUV420p2BGR = COLOR_YUV2BGR_YV12,
COLOR_YUV2RGBA_YV12 = 102,
COLOR_YUV2BGRA_YV12 = 103,
COLOR_YUV2RGBA_IYUV = 104,
COLOR_YUV2BGRA_IYUV = 105,
COLOR_YUV2RGBA_I420 = COLOR_YUV2RGBA_IYUV,
COLOR_YUV2BGRA_I420 = COLOR_YUV2BGRA_IYUV,
COLOR_YUV420p2RGBA = COLOR_YUV2RGBA_YV12,
COLOR_YUV420p2BGRA = COLOR_YUV2BGRA_YV12,
COLOR_YUV2GRAY_420 = 106,
COLOR_YUV2GRAY_NV21 = COLOR_YUV2GRAY_420,
COLOR_YUV2GRAY_NV12 = COLOR_YUV2GRAY_420,
COLOR_YUV2GRAY_YV12 = COLOR_YUV2GRAY_420,
COLOR_YUV2GRAY_IYUV = COLOR_YUV2GRAY_420,
COLOR_YUV2GRAY_I420 = COLOR_YUV2GRAY_420,
COLOR_YUV420sp2GRAY = COLOR_YUV2GRAY_420,
COLOR_YUV420p2GRAY = COLOR_YUV2GRAY_420,
//! YUV 4:2:2 family to RGB
COLOR_YUV2RGB_UYVY = 107,
COLOR_YUV2BGR_UYVY = 108,
//COLOR_YUV2RGB_VYUY = 109,
//COLOR_YUV2BGR_VYUY = 110,
COLOR_YUV2RGB_Y422 = COLOR_YUV2RGB_UYVY,
COLOR_YUV2BGR_Y422 = COLOR_YUV2BGR_UYVY,
COLOR_YUV2RGB_UYNV = COLOR_YUV2RGB_UYVY,
COLOR_YUV2BGR_UYNV = COLOR_YUV2BGR_UYVY,
COLOR_YUV2RGBA_UYVY = 111,
COLOR_YUV2BGRA_UYVY = 112,
//COLOR_YUV2RGBA_VYUY = 113,
//COLOR_YUV2BGRA_VYUY = 114,
COLOR_YUV2RGBA_Y422 = COLOR_YUV2RGBA_UYVY,
COLOR_YUV2BGRA_Y422 = COLOR_YUV2BGRA_UYVY,
COLOR_YUV2RGBA_UYNV = COLOR_YUV2RGBA_UYVY,
COLOR_YUV2BGRA_UYNV = COLOR_YUV2BGRA_UYVY,
COLOR_YUV2RGB_YUY2 = 115,
COLOR_YUV2BGR_YUY2 = 116,
COLOR_YUV2RGB_YVYU = 117,
COLOR_YUV2BGR_YVYU = 118,
COLOR_YUV2RGB_YUYV = COLOR_YUV2RGB_YUY2,
COLOR_YUV2BGR_YUYV = COLOR_YUV2BGR_YUY2,
COLOR_YUV2RGB_YUNV = COLOR_YUV2RGB_YUY2,
COLOR_YUV2BGR_YUNV = COLOR_YUV2BGR_YUY2,
COLOR_YUV2RGBA_YUY2 = 119,
COLOR_YUV2BGRA_YUY2 = 120,
COLOR_YUV2RGBA_YVYU = 121,
COLOR_YUV2BGRA_YVYU = 122,
COLOR_YUV2RGBA_YUYV = COLOR_YUV2RGBA_YUY2,
COLOR_YUV2BGRA_YUYV = COLOR_YUV2BGRA_YUY2,
COLOR_YUV2RGBA_YUNV = COLOR_YUV2RGBA_YUY2,
COLOR_YUV2BGRA_YUNV = COLOR_YUV2BGRA_YUY2,
COLOR_YUV2GRAY_UYVY = 123,
COLOR_YUV2GRAY_YUY2 = 124,
//CV_YUV2GRAY_VYUY = CV_YUV2GRAY_UYVY,
COLOR_YUV2GRAY_Y422 = COLOR_YUV2GRAY_UYVY,
COLOR_YUV2GRAY_UYNV = COLOR_YUV2GRAY_UYVY,
COLOR_YUV2GRAY_YVYU = COLOR_YUV2GRAY_YUY2,
COLOR_YUV2GRAY_YUYV = COLOR_YUV2GRAY_YUY2,
COLOR_YUV2GRAY_YUNV = COLOR_YUV2GRAY_YUY2,
//! alpha premultiplication
COLOR_RGBA2mRGBA = 125,
COLOR_mRGBA2RGBA = 126,
//! RGB to YUV 4:2:0 family
COLOR_RGB2YUV_I420 = 127,
COLOR_BGR2YUV_I420 = 128,
COLOR_RGB2YUV_IYUV = COLOR_RGB2YUV_I420,
COLOR_BGR2YUV_IYUV = COLOR_BGR2YUV_I420,
COLOR_RGBA2YUV_I420 = 129,
COLOR_BGRA2YUV_I420 = 130,
COLOR_RGBA2YUV_IYUV = COLOR_RGBA2YUV_I420,
COLOR_BGRA2YUV_IYUV = COLOR_BGRA2YUV_I420,
COLOR_RGB2YUV_YV12 = 131,
COLOR_BGR2YUV_YV12 = 132,
COLOR_RGBA2YUV_YV12 = 133,
COLOR_BGRA2YUV_YV12 = 134,
//! Demosaicing
COLOR_BayerBG2BGR = 46,
COLOR_BayerGB2BGR = 47,
COLOR_BayerRG2BGR = 48,
COLOR_BayerGR2BGR = 49,
COLOR_BayerBG2RGB = COLOR_BayerRG2BGR,
COLOR_BayerGB2RGB = COLOR_BayerGR2BGR,
COLOR_BayerRG2RGB = COLOR_BayerBG2BGR,
COLOR_BayerGR2RGB = COLOR_BayerGB2BGR,
COLOR_BayerBG2GRAY = 86,
COLOR_BayerGB2GRAY = 87,
COLOR_BayerRG2GRAY = 88,
COLOR_BayerGR2GRAY = 89,
//! Demosaicing using Variable Number of Gradients
COLOR_BayerBG2BGR_VNG = 62,
COLOR_BayerGB2BGR_VNG = 63,
COLOR_BayerRG2BGR_VNG = 64,
COLOR_BayerGR2BGR_VNG = 65,
COLOR_BayerBG2RGB_VNG = COLOR_BayerRG2BGR_VNG,
COLOR_BayerGB2RGB_VNG = COLOR_BayerGR2BGR_VNG,
COLOR_BayerRG2RGB_VNG = COLOR_BayerBG2BGR_VNG,
COLOR_BayerGR2RGB_VNG = COLOR_BayerGB2BGR_VNG,
//! Edge-Aware Demosaicing
COLOR_BayerBG2BGR_EA = 135,
COLOR_BayerGB2BGR_EA = 136,
COLOR_BayerRG2BGR_EA = 137,
COLOR_BayerGR2BGR_EA = 138,
COLOR_BayerBG2RGB_EA = COLOR_BayerRG2BGR_EA,
COLOR_BayerGB2RGB_EA = COLOR_BayerGR2BGR_EA,
COLOR_BayerRG2RGB_EA = COLOR_BayerBG2BGR_EA,
COLOR_BayerGR2RGB_EA = COLOR_BayerGB2BGR_EA,
COLOR_COLORCVT_MAX = 139
};
获得灰度图之后需要将该图片进行二值化，所谓二值化就是就是将图像上的像素点的灰度值设置为0或255，也就是将整个图像呈现出明显的只有黑和白的视觉效果，
Imgproc.threshold(Image, binary, 200, 255, Imgproc.THRESH_TOZERO);
本例中因为原始图像比较规律，并且颜色对比突出，所以采用了固定阈值的方法，将阈值定义为200可以获得如下二值图，更复杂的图像二值化处理需要参考可变阈值设置方法。
得到二值化图像后，可以说身份证所在区域就很明显了，仅仅需要获取最大白色区域就可以了，opencv中提供了轮廓查找函数findContours解决这个问题。
Imgproc.findContours(binary, contours, hierarchy, Imgproc.RETR_EXTERNAL, Imgproc.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE);
该方法的第一个参数而输入的二值图，第二个参数contours为一个List<MatOfPoint>类型，该参数的长度取决于查找到多少个外部轮廓，第三个参数hierarch为轮廓的索引也是一个Mat矩阵（向量）类型的变量，该值内每一个元素的四个int类型的变量--hierarchy[I][0]~hierarchy[I][3]分别表示第I个轮廓的
后一个轮廓、前一个轮廓、父轮廓、内嵌轮廓的索引编号，如果没有对应的轮廓，则相应的值为-1.第四个参数定义轮廓检索的模式，本次取值为RETR_EXTERNAL，意为只检测最外围轮廓（可选值包括：RETR_EXTERNAL, 仅检测外轮廓； RETR_LIST, 检测所有轮廓但不检测相互关系，即轮廓索引的取值皆为-1；RETR_CCOMP, 检查所有轮廓，但所有轮廓仅建立两个等级关系，外围轮廓和内嵌轮廓；RETR_TREE,生成轮廓树，包含所有轮廓关系），第四个参数为轮廓的逼近方法，取值为CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE意为仅保存拐点信息，(可选值还包括：CHAIN_APPROX_NONE,保存物体边界上所有联系的轮廓点；CHAIN_APPROX_TC89_L1，CHAIN_APPROX_TC89_KCOS, 使用teh-Chinl chain近似算法）原函中有第五个参数为偏移量，本例中没有使用。
获取到图像的轮廓信息后，因为图像中含有目标图像的区域所拥有的点一定是所获取的所有轮廓中的最大的（如果二值化时设置的阈值偏小可能会出现噪声点轮廓最大）因此只需获取List中长度最长的轮廓就能得到我们目标的身份证轮廓了。但是有时会出现身份证影像放置的不够正，出现倾斜的情况，这时就需要利用opencv中最小包围矩形函数minAreaRect，
RotatedRect rotatedRect = Imgproc.minAreaRect(mt2f);
在这步处理中，遇到了一个问题，该函数的输入参数需要为MatOfPoint2f类型，但是获取的轮廓类型为MatOfPoint，这两个类型之间的转化也很简单可以通过toArray函数来实现，mp即是在Contours中寻找到的最大轮廓。
MatOfPoint2f mt2f = new MatOfPoint2f(mp.toArray());
最后只需要获取最小包围矩形的四个顶点就可以确定该身份证图像的坐标，可以使用opencv中的boxPoints函数
Imgproc.boxPoints(rotatedRect, result);
输入参数为方才获取的最小包围矩形，输出参数result是一个Mat类型的变量，通过result.dump()可以获得其值打印出来，
System.out.println(result.dump());
得到的结果为
[264.89029, 1211.5272;
254.39517, 592.31543;
642.58875, 585.73584;
653.08386, 1204.9476]第一项为x轴左边，第二项为y轴坐标，只需要获取x,y轴的最大值和最小值就可以确定身份证所在区域的最小矩形了，最后结果如下
原工程文件参见GitHub：https://github.com/ZCY2013/DetecRectangle.git
[1]:https://blog.csdn.net/jia20003/article/details/68944486
[2]:https://blog.csdn.net/dcrmg/article/details/51987348
[3]:https://blog.csdn.net/liqiancao/article/details/55670749
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