grub制作USB启动盘

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于 2019-05-28 09:10:31 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/WMX843230304WMX/article/details/90620168

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本文详细介绍了使用grub制作USB启动盘的步骤。包括用GParted分区U盘，设置第一个分区500M、fat32格式，第二个分区为ntfs格式；对扇区末尾1M空间打标记；将grub安装到U盘，注意不同系统的target包；添加grub菜单；最后提取ubuntu16.04lts.iso镜像到指定分区。

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grub制作USB启动盘

一、使用 GParted 分区U盘：

在这里插入图片描述第一个分区 500M , 并且设置标识 boot esp , fat32格式
第二个分区剩余全部，ntfs格式（可以读写大于4G的文件）

终端输入命令fdisk -l 查看结果：
在这里插入图片描述
终端输入命令blkid 查看结果：

二、扇区末尾1M空间使用命令 `gdisk` 打上标记 `bios_grub` ,格式化方式——`未格式化`

wmx@wmx-ubuntu:~$ sudo gdisk /dev/sdb    								<=========== 1步骤
[sudo] wmx 的密码： 
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.1

Partition table scan:
  MBR: protective
  BSD: not present
  APM: not present
  GPT: present

Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.

Command (? for help): n				 									<=========== 2步骤
Partition number (3-128, default 3):								    <=========== 3步骤 ,回车
First sector (34-30605278, default = 30603264) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: 		<=========== 回车
Last sector (30603264-30605278, default = 30605278) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: <=========== 回车
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): EF02 					<=========== 4步骤 
Changed type of partition to 'BIOS boot partition'

Command (? for help): p													<=========== 5步骤 
Disk /dev/sdb: 30605312 sectors, 14.6 GiB
Logical sector size: 512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 961A84D4-79FF-47F1-990A-885ED8AD66AE
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 30605278
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 2014 sectors (1007.0 KiB)

Number  Start (sector)    End (sector)  Size       Code  Name
   1            2048         1026047   500.0 MiB   EF00  
   2         1026048        30603263   14.1 GiB    0700  
   3        30603264        30605278   1007.5 KiB  EF02  BIOS boot partition

Command (? for help): w												     <=========== 6步骤 

Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!

Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y										<=========== 7步骤 
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdb.
The operation has completed successfully.

使用GParted查看结果
在这里插入图片描述
boot esp 标记支持 EFI 启动
bios_grub 标记支持 BIOS 启动

三、安装grub到U盘

1 挂载U盘分区 /dev/sdb1 到 /mnt:
sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt

2 grub安装到MBR
sudo grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --boot-directory=/mnt/boot /dev/sdb

3 grub安装到ESP,特别注意--removable参数，安装到移动设备上一定要用这个参数
sudo grub-install --target x86_64-efi --efi-directory /mnt --boot-directory=/mnt/boot --removable

特别注意:

Ubuntu的grub默认的target是i386-pc，这个target包含在grub-pc这个包，如果你的系统使用BIOS+MBR安装，这个包默认是存在的。x86_64-efi这个target包含在grub-efi这个包，只有你的系统使用UEFI+GPT方式安装这个包才会存在。如果某个target报错，错误信息类似于grub-install: error: /usr/lib/grub/x86_64-efi/modinfo.sh doesn’t exist. Please specify --target or --directory. 这样的话，就需要安装grub-pc或grub-efi之后再试。
安装到ESP要加–removable这个参数这个参数专门针对于可移动设备，一定要加
bios_grub标记的分区如果按照上面的分区过程操作了，增加了这个标记的分区，安装grub的时候会自动识别这个标记的分区并成功安装grub，否则报错:

Installing for i386-pc platform.
grub-install: warning: this GPT partition label contains no BIOS Boot Partition; embedding won't be possible.
grub-install: warning: 无法嵌入。在此次安装中 GRUB 只能通过使用块列表安装。但是块列表是不可信赖的，不推荐使用。.
grub-install：错误： will not proceed with blocklists.

四、添加grub菜单

sudo grub-mkconfig -o /mnt/boot/grub/grub.cfg
然后基于你自己的电脑和U盘修改 /mnt/boot/grub/grub.cfg
如下是我的示例：

#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###

if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
  set have_grubenv=true
  load_env
fi

if [ "${next_entry}" ] ; then
   set default="${next_entry}"
   set next_entry=
   save_env next_entry
   set boot_once=true
else
   set default="0"
fi


if [ x"${feature_menuentry_id}" = xy ]; then
  menuentry_id_option="--id"
else
  menuentry_id_option=""
fi


export menuentry_id_option


if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then
  set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"
  save_env saved_entry
  set prev_saved_entry=
  save_env prev_saved_entry
  set boot_once=true
fi

function savedefault {
  if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then
    saved_entry="${chosen}"
    save_env saved_entry
  fi
}


###记录错误
function recordfail {
  set recordfail=1
  if [ -n "${have_grubenv}" ]; then if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then save_env recordfail; fi; fi
}


### 加载显示模块
function load_video {
  if [ x$feature_all_video_module = xy ]; then
    insmod all_video
  else
    insmod efi_gop
    insmod efi_uga
    insmod ieee1275_fb
    insmod vbe
    insmod vga
    insmod video_bochs
    insmod video_cirrus
  fi
}


### 查找字体
if [ x$feature_default_font_path = xy ] ; then
   font=unicode
else
insmod part_gpt
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,gpt4'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt4 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt4 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt4  7195511a-452c-42f9-82d1-e6806399e90f
else
  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 7195511a-452c-42f9-82d1-e6806399e90f
fi
    font="/usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2"
fi


### 加载字体
if loadfont $font ; then
  set gfxmode=auto
  load_video
  insmod gfxterm
  set locale_dir=$prefix/locale
  set lang=zh_CN
  insmod gettext
fi

### 输出显示
terminal_output gfxterm

### 设置超时显示
if [ "${recordfail}" = 1 ] ; then
  set timeout=30
else
  if [ x$feature_timeout_style = xy ] ; then
    set timeout_style=menu
    set timeout=10
  # Fallback normal timeout code in case the timeout_style feature is
  # unavailable.
  else
    set timeout=10
  fi
fi


### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###






### 设置菜单外观
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###
set menu_color_normal=white/black
set menu_color_highlight=black/light-gray
if background_color 44,0,30,0; then
  clear
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###





### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###

###设置分辨率
function gfxmode {
	set gfxpayload="${1}"
	if [ "${1}" = "keep" ]; then
		set vt_handoff=vt.handoff=7
	else
		set vt_handoff=
	fi
}


### 根据配置，导出显示模式
if [ "${recordfail}" != 1 ]; then
  if [ -e ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt ]; then
    if hwmatch ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt 3; then
      if [ ${match} = 0 ]; then
        set linux_gfx_mode=keep
      else
        set linux_gfx_mode=text
      fi
    else
      set linux_gfx_mode=text
    fi
  else
    set linux_gfx_mode=keep
  fi
else
  set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi

export linux_gfx_mode


menuentry 'Ubuntu 16.04 boot from usb' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-simple-7195511a-452c-42f9-82d1-e6806399e90f' {

	### 记录错误
	recordfail

	### 加载显示驱动
	load_video

	### 配置显示模式
	gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode

	###
	insmod gzio
	if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi

	### 加载文件系统支持 
	insmod part_gpt
	insmod ext2

	### 设置 /boot 位置
	set root='hd0,gpt2'
	if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
	  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt2 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt2 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt2  936d36cb-f60a-4f19-a357-ca02dd506de1
	else
	  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 936d36cb-f60a-4f19-a357-ca02dd506de1
	fi

	### 加载内核 ，指定root(根位置 / )
        linux	/vmlinuz-4.15.0-50-generic root=UUID=7195511a-452c-42f9-82d1-e6806399e90f ro  quiet splash $vt_handoff

	### 初始化 RAM 
	initrd	/initrd.img-4.15.0-50-generic
}

submenu 'Ubuntu 高级选项' $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-advanced-7195511a-452c-42f9-82d1-e6806399e90f' {
	menuentry 'Ubuntu，Linux 4.15.0-50-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.15.0-50-generic-advanced-7195511a-452c-42f9-82d1-e6806399e90f' {
		recordfail
		load_video
		gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
		insmod gzio
		if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
		insmod part_gpt
		insmod ext2
		set root='hd0,gpt2'
		if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
		  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt2 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt2 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt2  936d36cb-f60a-4f19-a357-ca02dd506de1
		else
		  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 936d36cb-f60a-4f19-a357-ca02dd506de1
		fi
		echo	'载入 Linux 4.15.0-50-generic ...'
	        linux	/vmlinuz-4.15.0-50-generic root=UUID=7195511a-452c-42f9-82d1-e6806399e90f ro  quiet splash $vt_handoff
		echo	'载入初始化内存盘...'
		initrd	/initrd.img-4.15.0-50-generic
	}
	menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-50-generic (upstart)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.15.0-50-generic-init-upstart-7195511a-452c-42f9-82d1-e6806399e90f' {
		recordfail
		load_video
		gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
		insmod gzio
		if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
		insmod part_gpt
		insmod ext2
		set root='hd0,gpt2'
		if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
		  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt2 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt2 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt2  936d36cb-f60a-4f19-a357-ca02dd506de1
		else
		  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 936d36cb-f60a-4f19-a357-ca02dd506de1
		fi
		echo	'载入 Linux 4.15.0-50-generic ...'
	        linux	/vmlinuz-4.15.0-50-generic root=UUID=7195511a-452c-42f9-82d1-e6806399e90f ro  quiet splash $vt_handoff init=/sbin/upstart
		echo	'载入初始化内存盘...'
		initrd	/initrd.img-4.15.0-50-generic
	}
	menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 4.15.0-50-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.15.0-50-generic-recovery-7195511a-452c-42f9-82d1-e6806399e90f' {
		recordfail
		load_video
		insmod gzio
		if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
		insmod part_gpt
		insmod ext2
		set root='hd0,gpt2'
		if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
		  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt2 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt2 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt2  936d36cb-f60a-4f19-a357-ca02dd506de1
		else
		  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 936d36cb-f60a-4f19-a357-ca02dd506de1
		fi
		echo	'载入 Linux 4.15.0-50-generic ...'
	        linux	/vmlinuz-4.15.0-50-generic root=UUID=7195511a-452c-42f9-82d1-e6806399e90f ro recovery nomodeset 
		echo	'载入初始化内存盘...'
		initrd	/initrd.img-4.15.0-50-generic
	}

}

### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###

### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###
menuentry 'Memory test (memtest86+)' {
	insmod part_gpt
	insmod ext2
	set root='hd0,gpt2'
	if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
	  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt2 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt2 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt2  936d36cb-f60a-4f19-a357-ca02dd506de1
	else
	  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 936d36cb-f60a-4f19-a357-ca02dd506de1
	fi
	knetbsd	/memtest86+.elf
}
menuentry 'Memory test (memtest86+, serial console 115200)' {
	insmod part_gpt
	insmod ext2
	set root='hd0,gpt2'
	if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
	  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,gpt2 --hint-efi=hd0,gpt2 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,gpt2  936d36cb-f60a-4f19-a357-ca02dd506de1
	else
	  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 936d36cb-f60a-4f19-a357-ca02dd506de1
	fi
	linux16	/memtest86+.bin console=ttyS0,115200n8
}
### END /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.  Simply type the
# menu entries you want to add after this comment.  Be careful not to change
# the 'exec tail' line above.

### 
menuentry "usb ubuntu.iso" {
	recordfail
	load_video
	gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
	insmod gzio
	if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
	insmod part_gpt
	insmod ext2

	search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 14993B1124BAFEAA
	
	loopback loop ($root)/ubuntu.iso
	echo	'载入 vmlinuz ubuntu.iso ...'
	linux  (loop)/casper/vmlinuz.efi boot=casper iso-scan/filename=($root)/ubuntu.iso noeject noprompt quiet splash locale=zh_CN.UTF-8
	echo	'载入初始化内存盘...'
	initrd (loop)/casper/initrd.lz
}

menuentry "USB Try Ubuntu without installing" {

	### 记录错误
	recordfail

	### 加载显示驱动
	load_video

	### 配置显示模式
	gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode

	###
	insmod gzio
	if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi

	### 加载文件系统支持 
	insmod part_gpt
	insmod ext2

	search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 14993B1124BAFEAA

	set gfxpayload=keep
	linux	($root)/casper/vmlinuz.efi  file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper quiet splash ---
	initrd	($root)/casper/initrd.lz
}


###

### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
if [ -f  ${config_directory}/custom.cfg ]; then
  source ${config_directory}/custom.cfg
elif [ -z "${config_directory}" -a -f  $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then
  source $prefix/custom.cfg;
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###