initialization methods 参数初始化

1 - Neural Network model

You will use a 3-layer neural network (already implemented for you). Here are the initialization methods you will experiment with:
Zeros initialization – setting initialization = “zeros” in the input argument.
Random initialization – setting initialization = “random” in the input argument. This initializes the weights to large random values.
He initialization – setting initialization = “he” in the input argument. This initializes the weights to random values scaled according to a paper by He et al., 2015.

2 - Zero initialization

There are two types of parameters to initialize in a neural network:
the weight matrices (𝑊[1],𝑊[2],𝑊[3],…,𝑊[𝐿−1],𝑊[𝐿])(W[1],W[2],W[3],…,W[L−1],W[L])
the bias vectors (𝑏[1],𝑏[2],𝑏[3],…,𝑏[𝐿−1],𝑏[𝐿])(b[1],b[2],b[3],…,b[L−1],b[L])
Exercise: Implement the following function to initialize all parameters to zeros. You’ll see later that this does not work well since it fails to “break symmetry”, but lets try it anyway and see what happens. Use np.zeros((…,…)) with the correct shapes.

# GRADED FUNCTION: initialize_parameters_zeros 
def initialize_parameters_zeros(layers_dims):
    """
    Arguments:
    layer_dims -- python array (list) containing the size of each layer.
    Returns:
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters "W1", "b1", ..., "WL", "bL":
                    W1 -- weight matrix of shape (layers_dims[1], layers_dims[0])
                    b1 -- bias vector of shape (layers_dims[1], 1)
                    ...
                    WL -- weight matrix of shape (layers_dims[L], layers_dims[L-1])
                    bL -- bias vector of shape (layers_dims[L], 1)
    """
    parameters = {}
    L = len(layers_dims)            # number of layers in the network
    for l in range(1, L):
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        parameters['W' + str(l)] = np.zeros((layers_dims[l],layers_dims[l-1]))
        parameters['b' + str(l)] = np.zeros((layers_dims[l],1))
        ### END CODE HERE ###
    return parameters
parameters = initialize_parameters_zeros([5,3,1])
print("W1 = " + str(parameters["W1"]))
print("b1 = " + str(parameters["b1"]))
print("W2 = " + str(parameters["W2"]))
print("b2 = " + str(parameters["b2"]))
# W1 = [[0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]]
b1 = [[0.]
 [0.]
 [0.]]
W2 = [[0. 0. 0.]]
b2 = [[0.]]

3 - Random initialization

To break symmetry, lets intialize the weights randomly. Following random initialization, each neuron can then proceed to learn a different function of its inputs. In this exercise, you will see what happens if the weights are intialized randomly, but to very large values.
Exercise: Implement the following function to initialize your weights to large random values (scaled by *10) and your biases to zeros. Use np.random.randn(…,…) * 10 for weights and np.zeros((…, …)) for biases. We are using a fixed np.random.seed(…) to make sure your “random” weights match ours, so don’t worry if running several times your code gives you always the same initial values for the parameters.

# GRADED FUNCTION: initialize_parameters_random
def initialize_parameters_random(layers_dims):
    """
    Arguments:
    layer_dims -- python array (list) containing the size of each layer.
    Returns:
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters "W1", "b1", ..., "WL", "bL":
                    W1 -- weight matrix of shape (layers_dims[1], layers_dims[0])
                    b1 -- bias vector of shape (layers_dims[1], 1)
                    ...
                    WL -- weight matrix of shape (layers_dims[L], layers_dims[L-1])
                    bL -- bias vector of shape (layers_dims[L], 1)
    """
    np.random.seed(3)               # This seed makes sure your "random" numbers will be the as ours
    parameters = {}
    L = len(layers_dims)            # integer representing the number of layers
    for l in range(1, L):
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        parameters['W' + str(l)] = np.random.randn(layers_dims[l],layers_dims[l-1])*10
        parameters['b' + str(l)] = np.zeros((layers_dims[l],1))
        ### END CODE HERE ###
    return parameters
    
parameters = initialize_parameters_random([3, 2, 1])
print("W1 = " + str(parameters["W1"]))
print("b1 = " + str(parameters["b1"]))
print("W2 = " + str(parameters["W2"]))
print("b2 = " + str(parameters["b2"]))
#
 W1 = [[ 17.88628473   4.36509851   0.96497468]
 [-18.63492703  -2.77388203  -3.54758979]]
b1 = [[0.]
 [0.]]
W2 = [[-0.82741481 -6.27000677]]
b2 = [[0.]]

4 - He initialization

Finally, try “He Initialization”; this is named for the first author of He et al., 2015. (If you have heard of “Xavier initialization”, this is similar except Xavier initialization uses a scaling factor for the weights 𝑊[𝑙]W[l] of sqrt(1./layers_dims[l-1]) where He initialization would use sqrt(2./layers_dims[l-1]).)
Exercise: Implement the following function to initialize your parameters with He initialization.
Hint: This function is similar to the previous initialize_parameters_random(…). The only difference is that instead of multiplying np.random.randn(…,…) by 10, you will multiply it by

which is what He initialization recommends for layers with a ReLU activation.

# GRADED FUNCTION: initialize_parameters_he
def initialize_parameters_he(layers_dims):
    """
    Arguments:
    layer_dims -- python array (list) containing the size of each layer.
    Returns:
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters "W1", "b1", ..., "WL", "bL":
                    W1 -- weight matrix of shape (layers_dims[1], layers_dims[0])
                    b1 -- bias vector of shape (layers_dims[1], 1)
                    ...
                    WL -- weight matrix of shape (layers_dims[L], layers_dims[L-1])
                    bL -- bias vector of shape (layers_dims[L], 1)
    """
    np.random.seed(3)
    parameters = {}
    L = len(layers_dims) - 1 # integer representing the number of layers
    for l in range(1, L + 1):
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        parameters['W' + str(l)] = np.random.randn(layers_dims[l],layers_dims[l-1])*np.sqrt(2./layers_dims[l-1])
        parameters['b' + str(l)] = np.zeros((layers_dims[l],1))
        ### END CODE HERE ###
    return parameters
    
parameters = initialize_parameters_he([2, 4, 1])
print("W1 = " + str(parameters["W1"]))
print("b1 = " + str(parameters["b1"]))
print("W2 = " + str(parameters["W2"]))
print("b2 = " + str(parameters["b2"]))
#  
W1 = [[ 1.78862847  0.43650985]
 [ 0.09649747 -1.8634927 ]
 [-0.2773882  -0.35475898]
 [-0.08274148 -0.62700068]]
b1 = [[0.]
 [0.]
 [0.]
 [0.]]
W2 = [[-0.03098412 -0.33744411 -0.92904268  0.62552248]]
b2 = [[0.]]