Python 3D FDTD模拟器

Python 3D FDTD模拟器

翻译自:https://github.com/flaport/fdtd
未获得作者翻译授权,只是为方便自己查看。

一个用Python编写的三维电磁FDTD模拟器。FDTD模拟器有一个可选的PyTorch后端,支持GPU上的FDTD模拟。

安装

fdtd库可以用pip安装:

pip install fdtd

可以通过克隆存储库来安装开发版本:

git clone http://github.com/flaport/fdtd

并与pip连接

pip install -e fdtd

可以安装开发依赖项:

pip install -e fdtd[dev]

依赖项

  • python 3.6+
  • numpy
  • scipy
  • matplotlib
  • tqdm
  • pytorch (optional)

贡献

欢迎所有改进或添加(例如新的对象、源或检测器)。请提出拉拔请求 😊。

文档

在这里阅读文档: https://fdtd.readthedocs.org

导入

fdtd库简单地导入如下:

import fdtd

设置后端

fdtd库允许选择后端。numpy后端是默认的,但也有几个额外的PyTorch后端:

  • "numpy" (默认为float64数组)
  • "torch" (默认为float64数组)
  • "torch.float32"
  • "torch.float64"
  • "torch.cuda" (默认为float64数组)
  • "torch.cuda.float32"
  • "torch.cuda.float64"

例如,这是如何选择torch后端:

fdtd.set_backend("torch")

一般来说,numpy后端首选用于具有float64精度的标准CPU计算。一般来说,在FDTD模拟中,float64的精度总是优于float32,然而,float32可能会提供显著的性能提升。

cuda后端只适用于带有GPU的计算机。

FDTD网格

FDTD网格定义了仿真区域。

# signature
fdtd.Grid(
    shape: Tuple[Number, Number, Number],
    grid_spacing: float = 155e-9,
    permittivity: float = 1.0,
    permeability: float = 1.0,
    courant_number: float = None,
)

网格是由它的shape定义的,它只是一个Number类型(整数或浮点数)的3D元组。如果形状以浮动形式给出,则表示网格的宽度、高度和长度(以米为单位)。如果形状以整数形式给出,则用grid_spacing表示网格的宽度、高度和长度。在内部,这些数字将被转换为三个整数:grid.Nx, grid.Nygrid.Nz

可以给出一个grid_spacing。出于稳定性考虑,建议选择比网格中最小波长至少小10倍的网格间距。这意味着对于包含波长为1550nm的光源和折射率为3.1的材料的栅格,推荐的grid_spacing间距是50pm

对于有一下形式的permittivitypermeability 的浮点数或数组:

  • (grid.Nx, grid.Ny, grid.Nz)
  • or (grid.Nx, grid.Ny, grid.Nz, 1)
  • or (grid.Nx, grid.Ny, grid.Nz, 3)

在最后一种情况下,这种形状暗示了每个长轴(所谓的单轴或双轴材料)的不同介电常数的可能性。在内部,这些变量将(出于性能原因)转换为它们的反向 grid.inverse_permittivity阵列和grid.inverse_permeability阵列的形状(grid.Nx, grid.Ny, grid.Nz, 3)。在制作网格之后,可以改变这些数组。

最后,网格的courant_number决定了仿真的time_stepgrid_spacing之间的关系。如果没有给出,则选择为 Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy Condition所允许的最大值:
11D 模拟, 1/√22D 模拟 , 1/√33D模拟 (根据网格的形状计算维数)。出于稳定性考虑,建议不要更改此值。

grid = fdtd.Grid(
    shape = (25e-6, 15e-6, 1), # 25um x 15um x 1 (grid_spacing) --> 2D FDTD
)
print(grid)
Grid(shape=(161,97,1), grid_spacing=1.55e-07, courant_number=0.70)

向网格中添加对象

另一种局部改变栅极 permittivitypermeability的方法是向栅极添加一个Object

# signature
fdtd.Object(
    permittivity: Tensorlike,
    name: str = None
)

一个对象用修改的更新方程定义网格的一部分,允许引入例如吸收材料或双轴材料,轴之间的混合通过Pockels coefficients或更多。在这种情况下,我们将使一个物体的permittivity不同于它所在的网格。

就像网格一样,Object期望permittivity为float或以下可能形状的数组

  • (obj.Nx, obj.Ny, obj.Nz)
  • or (obj.Nx, obj.Ny, obj.Nz, 1)
  • or (obj.Nx, obj.Ny, obj.Nz, 3)

注意, obj.Nx, obj.Ny and obj.Nz 没有给出给对象构造函数。它们是从它在网格中的位置派生出来的:

grid[11:32, 30:84, 0] = fdtd.Object(permittivity=1.7**2, name="object")

这里发生了几件事。首先,对象在网格中被赋予空间[11:32,30:84,0]。因为它被赋予了这个空间,对象的NxNyNz会被自动设置。此外,通过为对象提供一个名称,该名称将在网格中可用:

print(grid.object)
    Object(name='object')
        @ x=11:32, y=30:84, z=0:1

第二个对象可以添加到网格中:

grid[13e-6:18e-6, 5e-6:8e-6, 0] = fdtd.Object(permittivity=1.5**2)

这里选择了一个带有浮点数的切片。在对象注册期间,这些浮点数将被整数NxNyNz替换。由于该对象没有接收到名称,因此该对象不能作为网格的属性使用。然而,它仍然可以通过 grid.objects 列表:

print(grid.objects)
[Object(name='object'), Object(name=None)]

这个列表存储所有对象(例如类型为fdtd.Object的对象),按照它们被添加到网格的顺序

向网格中添加一个源

类似于将对象添加到网格中,一个fdtd.LineSource也可以添加:

# signature
fdtd.LineSource(
    period: Number = 15, # timesteps or seconds
    power: float = 1.0,
    phase_shift: float = 0.0,
    name: str = None,
)

就像fdtd.Object一样,一个fdtd.LineSource 的大小由它在网格中的位置来定义:

grid[7.5e-6:8.0e-6, 11.8e-6:13.0e-6, 0] = fdtd.LineSource(
    period = 1550e-9 / (3e8), name="source"
)

然而,需要注意的是,在这种情况下,一个LineSource被添加到网格中,也就是说,源跨越了由切片定义的立方体的对角线。在内部,这些片将被转换为列表,以确保以下行为:

print(grid.source)
    LineSource(period=14, power=1.0, phase_shift=0.0, name='source')
        @ x=[48, ... , 51], y=[76, ... , 83], z=[0, ... , 0]

请注意,我们也可以首先提供列表来索引网格。这个特性对于创建任意形状的LineSource非常有用。

给网格添加一个检测器

# signature
fdtd.LineDetector(
    name=None
)

向网格中添加检测器的工作原理与添加源相同

grid[12e-6, :, 0] = fdtd.LineDetector(name="detector")
print(grid.detector)
    LineDetector(name='detector')
        @ x=[77, ... , 77], y=[0, ... , 96], z=[0, ... , 0]

添加网格边界

# signature
fdtd.PML(
    a: float = 1e-8, # stability factor
    name: str = None
)

虽然,有一个对象,源和探测器,以进行FDTD模拟在原则上是足够的,人们还需要定义一个网格边界,以防止场被反射。其中一个可以添加到网格的边界是 Perfectly Matched Layer or PML完美匹配层。这些基本上是吸收边界。

# x boundaries
grid[0:10, :, :] = fdtd.PML(name="pml_xlow")
grid[-10:, :, :] = fdtd.PML(name="pml_xhigh")

# y boundaries
grid[:, 0:10, :] = fdtd.PML(name="pml_ylow")
grid[:, -10:, :] = fdtd.PML(name="pml_yhigh")

网格的总结

可以通过打印出网格来显示网格的简单摘要:

print(grid)
Grid(shape=(161,97,1), grid_spacing=1.55e-07, courant_number=0.70)

sources:
    LineSource(period=14, power=1.0, phase_shift=0.0, name='source')
        @ x=[48, ... , 51], y=[76, ... , 83], z=[0, ... , 0]

detectors:
    LineDetector(name='detector')
        @ x=[77, ... , 77], y=[0, ... , 96], z=[0, ... , 0]

boundaries:
    PML(name='pml_xlow')
        @ x=0:10, y=:, z=:
    PML(name='pml_xhigh')
        @ x=-10:, y=:, z=:
    PML(name='pml_ylow')
        @ x=:, y=0:10, z=:
    PML(name='pml_yhigh')
        @ x=:, y=-10:, z=:

objects:
    Object(name='object')
        @ x=11:32, y=30:84, z=0:1
    Object(name=None)
        @ x=84:116, y=32:52, z=0:1

运行一个仿真

运行一个模拟就像使用grid.run方法一样简单。

grid.run(
    total_time: Number,
    progress_bar: bool = True
)

与网格中的长度一样,模拟的total_time可以指定为整数(time_steps的数量)或浮点数(以秒为单位)。

grid.run(total_time=100)

网格可视化

Le让我们把网格形象化。这可以通过grid.visualize来实现方法:

# signature
grid.visualize(
    grid,
    x=None,
    y=None,
    z=None,
    cmap="Blues",
    pbcolor="C3",
    pmlcolor=(0, 0, 0, 0.1),
    objcolor=(1, 0, 0
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FDTD软件英文使用说明 Initial Properties dialog box ................................................................................... 33 Mask Export............................................................................................................. 41 Profile Designer....................................................................................................... 42 Wafer Properties ..................................................................................................... 42 Profiles In Use ......................................................................................................... 44 Properties ................................................................................................................ 45 Toolbars ................................................................................................................... 45 Status bar................................................................................................................. 45 Color Spectrum ....................................................................................................... 46 Workbook Mode ...................................................................................................... 49 3D Graph Items........................................................................................................ 50 Show slice selector................................................................................................. 54 Refractive Index (X, Y, and Z directions) .............................................................. 54 Zoom tool................................................................................................................. 54 Edit Parameters....................................................................................................... 56 2D Simulation Parameters...................................................................................... 62 3D Simulation Parameters...................................................................................... 66 3D Simulation Parameters for 64-bit simulator .................................................... 68 2D Band Solver Parameters ................................................................................... 73 PWE Band Solver .................................................................................................... 78 Test Script................................................................................................................ 86 Run Script (2D or 3D).............................................................................................. 86 Generate Template Script....................................................................................... 86 Generate Layout Script........................................................................................... 86 Generate Scanning Script ...................................................................................... 86 Preferences menu ................................................................................................... 87 Edit Menu ................................................................................................................. 89 3D Objects ...................................................................................................... 93 Common elements of 3D object waveguides ....................................................... 94 Clipping Planes ..................................................................................................... 103 Profile Designer ........................................................................................... 107 Main parts of the GUI ............................................................................................ 108 Main menu bar....................................................................................................... 112 Toolbars ................................................................................................................. 112 Library Browser toolbar ....................................................................................... 113 Profile toolbar........................................................................................................ 114Table of Contents Installing OptiFDTD ......................................................................................... 1 Hardware and software requirements..................................................................... 1 Protection key ........................................................................................................... 2 Installation ................................................................................................................. 2 Technical support ..................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................... 5 What is OptiFDTD? ................................................................................................... 5 OptiFDTD applications and how they relate to one another................................. 6 OptiFDTD_Designer .................................................................................................. 6 Main elements of a layout design............................................................................ 8 What’s new in OptiFDTD 8.0 ......................................................................... 11 64-bit 2D Simulator ................................................................................................. 11 Heating Absorption................................................................................................. 13 Total Field Scattering Field 2D simulations and analysis ................................... 13 OptiFDTD_Designer....................................................................................... 17 Main parts of the GUI .............................................................................................. 18 Main menu bar......................................................................................................... 22 Toolbars ................................................................................................................... 22 OptiFDTD_Designer menus and buttons..................................................... 23 File menu ................................................................................................................. 23 Edit menu................................................................................................................. 24 View menu ............................................................................................................... 25 Tools menu .............................................................................................................. 27 Draw menu............................................................................................................... 27 Simulation menu ..................................................................................................... 31 Preferences menu ................................................................................................... 31 Window menu.......................................................................................................... 32 Help menu................................................................................................................ 32 OptiFDTD_Designer functions...................................................................... 33OptiBPM Specific Materials ........................................................................ 169 Material Class ........................................................................................................ 169 Create and edit materials ..................................................................................... 169 Dielectric material (Ordinary)............................................................................... 170 Diffused material ................................................................................................... 173 OptiFDTD Specific Materials....................................................................... 177 Material Class ........................................................................................................ 177 Create and edit materials ..................................................................................... 177 Dielectric ................................................................................................................ 178 Dispersion.............................................................................................................. 183 Converting the ‘Sellmeier equation’ to ‘Lorentz Model’ .................................... 184 Nonlinear................................................................................................................ 192 Perfect Conductor................................................................................................. 196 2D Band Solver ............................................................................................ 199 2D Band Solver Parameters ................................................................................. 199 File menu ............................................................................................................... 201 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 201 View menu ............................................................................................................. 201 Help menu.............................................................................................................. 202 Waveguides.................................................................................................. 205 Waveguide properties........................................................................................... 205 Waveguide profiles ............................................................................................... 205 Wafer ...................................................................................................................... 208 Waveguide vs. wafer............................................................................................. 209 Initial data .............................................................................................................. 211 Local Coordinate System ..................................................................................... 211 User Interface of a Parameterized position of a Layout Shape ........................ 212 Waveguides ........................................................................................................... 214 Linear ..................................................................................................................... 216 Arc .......................................................................................................................... 222 Elliptic .................................................................................................................... 228 Ring ........................................................................................................................ 233 S-Bend Sines ......................................................................................................... 239 S-Bend Arc............................................................................................................. 239 S-Bend Sine ........................................................................................................... 244S-Bend Cosine....................................................................................................... 250 Linear Taper........................................................................................................... 256 Parabolic Taper ..................................................................................................... 262 Exponential Taper ................................................................................................. 267 S-Bend Arc Taper.................................................................................................. 273 S-Bend Sine Taper ................................................................................................ 278 S-Bend Cosine Taper............................................................................................ 285 Circular Lens ......................................................................................................... 291 Elliptic Lens ........................................................................................................... 296 Parabolic Lens....................................................................................................... 303 Hyperbolic Lens .................................................................................................... 309 Polynomial ............................................................................................................. 315 Photonic Band Gap (PBG) Crystal Structure ..................................................... 321 Basic 3D Linear Tapering and Proportional Interpretation of Fiber Profile..... 330 Input Field..................................................................................................... 339 Input Field vs. Input Plane.................................................................................... 339 Insert an input plane ............................................................................................. 340 Input Field dialog box ........................................................................................... 343 Mode—Global Data: ADI Method ......................................................................... 359 Mode Solver 2D ..................................................................................................... 379 Mode Solver 2D—menus ...................................................................................... 380 Mode Solver 2D—tabs .......................................................................................... 396 TFSF Region Properties ....................................................................................... 401 3D Mode Solver............................................................................................ 407 Main parts of the GUI ............................................................................................ 410 Main menu bar....................................................................................................... 414 Toolbars ................................................................................................................. 414 3D Mode Solver menus and buttons.......................................................... 417 File menu ............................................................................................................... 417 View menu ............................................................................................................. 417 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 419 Data menu.............................................................................................................. 419 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 420 Help menu.............................................................................................................. 420 3D Mode Solver functions........................................................................... 421Profile Designer menus............................................................................... 117 File menu ............................................................................................................... 117 View menu ............................................................................................................. 117 Tools menu ............................................................................................................ 117 Help menu.............................................................................................................. 117 Profile Designer context menu ............................................................................ 118 Profile Designer functions .......................................................................... 119 Library Browser..................................................................................................... 119 Compare Libraries ................................................................................................ 119 Edit Variables and Functions............................................................................... 122 Mode—Global Data: ADI Method ......................................................................... 123 Mode Settings........................................................................................................ 124 Options................................................................................................................... 125 Profiles.......................................................................................................... 127 Fiber ....................................................................................................................... 127 Channel .................................................................................................................. 131 OptiBPM Specific Diffused Materials ......................................................... 137 Custom Diffusion Processes and Arbitrary Index Profiles ............................... 137 Diffusion Process Library .................................................................................... 137 Ti:LiNb03 profile - Titanium diffusion in lithium niobate................................... 138 Ti:LiNbO 3 Pro toolbar ........................................................................................... 139 Mg:LiNb03 profile - Magnesium diffusion in lithium niobate............................ 143 Mg:LiNb0 3 Pro toolbar .......................................................................................... 144 Proton Exchange profile - H+:LiNb03.................................................................. 148 Proton Exchange toolbar ..................................................................................... 149 Annealing Process................................................................................................ 151 OptiBPM Specific User Function Profile.................................................... 153 OptiBPM Specific User DLL Profile............................................................ 159 Center point ........................................................................................................... 162 Materials ....................................................................................................... 167Mode Found........................................................................................................... 421 Status Bar .............................................................................................................. 422 3D Graph Items...................................................................................................... 422 Show slice selector............................................................................................... 426 Customize .............................................................................................................. 426 Data menu.............................................................................................................. 429 3D Graph Settings................................................................................................. 432 Layout Options...................................................................................................... 441 Observation Points, Areas, and Lines ....................................................... 445 Observation Point ................................................................................................. 445 Observation Area .................................................................................................. 445 Observation Line................................................................................................... 446 Simulation toolbar................................................................................................. 446 Observation Points...................................................................................... 447 Observation properties—Point dialog box ......................................................... 448 Observation Area......................................................................................... 451 Observation properties -- X-Z Area dialog box .................................................. 452 Observation properties -- Y-Z Area dialog box .................................................. 455 Observation properties -- X-Y Area dialog box .................................................. 457 Observation Area Analysis dialog box ............................................................... 459 Observation Line.......................................................................................... 474 Observation properties -- Vertical Line dialog box............................................ 475 OptiFDTD_Simulator (2D)............................................................................ 479 Main parts of the GUI ............................................................................................ 480 Main menu bar....................................................................................................... 483 Toolbars ................................................................................................................. 483 OptiFDTD_Simulator (2D) menus and buttons ......................................... 485 File menu ............................................................................................................... 485 View menu ............................................................................................................. 485 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 487 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 489Export..................................................................................................................... 597 3D Graph Items...................................................................................................... 598 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 598 Components menu................................................................................................ 601 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 601 OptiFDTD Tools............................................................................................ 605 Overlap Integral............................................................................................ 607 Gaussian Overlap Scanner ......................................................................... 615 Overlap Integral Scanner ............................................................................ 619 Multiple Fields .............................................................................................. 623 Notes ...................................................................................................................... 628 Multiple Gaussians ...................................................................................... 629 Notes ...................................................................................................................... 632 Confinement Factor ..................................................................................... 633 Notes ...................................................................................................................... 638 Far Field........................................................................................................ 639 Fraunhofer approximation ................................................................................... 639 Fresnel-Kirchhoff Diffraction Formula ................................................................ 640 2D Far Field............................................................................................................ 641 3D Far Field............................................................................................................ 643 References............................................................................................................. 645 Mode 2D........................................................................................................ 647 Modes of Planar Waveguides .............................................................................. 649 File menu ............................................................................................................... 650 Edit menu............................................................................................................... 650 View menu ............................................................................................................. 651 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 651 Window menu........................................................................................................ 651Help menu.............................................................................................................. 489 Simulation Parameters ......................................................................................... 490 Boundary Conditions............................................................................................ 491 Observation Point ................................................................................................. 492 Finalization ............................................................................................................ 494 OptiFDTD_Simulator (2D) functions .......................................................... 495 View list.................................................................................................................. 495 Status bar............................................................................................................... 496 3D Graph settings ................................................................................................. 501 OptiFDTD_Simulator (3D)............................................................................ 513 Main parts of the GUI ............................................................................................ 514 Main menu bar....................................................................................................... 517 Toolbars ................................................................................................................. 517 OptiFDTD_Simulator (3D) menus and buttons ......................................... 519 File menu ............................................................................................................... 519 View menu ............................................................................................................. 519 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 522 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 523 Help menu.............................................................................................................. 523 Simulation Parameters ......................................................................................... 524 Boundary Conditions............................................................................................ 525 Finalization ............................................................................................................ 527 OptiFDTD_Simulator (3D) functions .......................................................... 529 View list.................................................................................................................. 529 Status bar............................................................................................................... 530 3D Graph settings ................................................................................................. 535 PWE Band Solver......................................................................................... 545 OptiFDTD_Analyzer (2D Simulations)........................................................ 553 Main parts of the GUI ............................................................................................ 554 Components .......................................................................................................... 556 Main menu bar....................................................................................................... 559Toolbars ................................................................................................................. 559 OptiFDTD_Analyzer menus and buttons (2D Simulations)...................... 561 File menu ............................................................................................................... 561 View menu ............................................................................................................. 562 Components menu................................................................................................ 563 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 564 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 564 Tools menu ............................................................................................................ 564 Window menu........................................................................................................ 565 Help menu.............................................................................................................. 565 OptiFDTD_Analyzer functions (2D Simulations)....................................... 567 Export..................................................................................................................... 567 3D Graph Items...................................................................................................... 568 Components menu................................................................................................ 568 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 568 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 571 Tools menu ............................................................................................................ 571 OptiFDTD_Analyzer (3D Simulations)........................................................ 575 Main parts of the GUI ............................................................................................ 576 Main menu bar....................................................................................................... 580 Toolbars ................................................................................................................. 580 OptiFDTD_Analyzer menus and buttons (3D simulations) ...................... 581 File menu ............................................................................................................... 581 View menu ............................................................................................................. 582 Components menu................................................................................................ 583 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 584 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 584 Tools menu ............................................................................................................ 584 Window menu........................................................................................................ 585 Help menu.............................................................................................................. 585 OptiFDTD_Analyzer functions (3D simulations) ....................................... 587 Analysis Tools....................................................................................................... 587Code V Converter......................................................................................... 727 Data format ............................................................................................................ 729 EXFO OWA Converter ................................................................................. 731 Zemax Converter.......................................................................................... 739 Conversion ............................................................................................................ 739 Notes on Conversion ............................................................................................ 740 Data formats .......................................................................................................... 741 ZEMAX Beam File (ZBF) binary format ............................................................... 741 Appendix A: Opti2D Graph Control............................................................ 743 User interface features ......................................................................................... 744 Graph Properties dialog ....................................................................................... 754 Appendix B: File formats ............................................................................ 763 Data file formats .................................................................................................... 763 Appendix C: Parser supported functions.................................................. 773 Supported functions ............................................................................................. 773 Function Limits and _FnRslt_.............................................................................. 778 Appendix D: Batch processing................................................................... 781 Automatic loading of VB Script from command line ......................................... 785Simulation functions............................................................................................. 652 Correlation Function Method (CFM).................................................................... 660 File menu ............................................................................................................... 661 Edit menu............................................................................................................... 661 View menu ............................................................................................................. 662 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 662 Window menu........................................................................................................ 662 Simulation functions............................................................................................. 663 User Defined File................................................................................................... 672 File menu ............................................................................................................... 673 Edit menu............................................................................................................... 674 View menu ............................................................................................................. 674 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 674 Window menu........................................................................................................ 674 Notes: ..................................................................................................................... 676 Mode 3D........................................................................................................ 677 File menu ............................................................................................................... 677 Edit menu............................................................................................................... 678 View menu ............................................................................................................. 678 Operations menu................................................................................................... 680 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 680 Draw Tool menu .................................................................................................... 681 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 681 Layout Designer Dialog boxes of Mode Solver 3D ............................................ 683 Layout Settings layout dialog box....................................................................... 702 Waveguide Colors layout dialog box .................................................................. 703 Notes: ..................................................................................................................... 704 User Guide of View 3D................................................................................. 705 Commands of View 3D ......................................................................................... 705 View menu ............................................................................................................. 707 Toolbars menu ...................................................................................................... 707 Status Bar menu.................................................................................................... 708 Settings menu ....................................................................................................... 711 Dialog boxes of View 3D....................................................................................... 713 Notes: ..................................................................................................................... 726

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