目录
6.总结raid 0, 1, 5, 10, 01的工作原理，各自的利用率，冗余性，性能，至少几个硬盘实现
1. 总结linux安全模型
Linux安全模型（3A模型）
资源分派：
- Authentication 认证，验证用户身份
- Authorization 授权，不同的用户设置不同的权限
- Accouting|Audition 审计
当用户登陆成功时，系统会自动分配令牌token，包括：用户标识和组成员等信息
2. 总结学过的权限，属性及ACL相关命令及选项，示例。
2.1 文件的属性
2.2 文件的权限
- 文件权限应用的对象
owner 属主u
group 属组g
other 其它o
- 文件的三种权限
r 读 4
w 写 2
x 执行 1
-
Linux中目录和文件的读写和执行三种权限的区别
Linux中目录和文件的读写和执行三种权限的区别
对于读r
文件：可以使用文件查看类工具（cat等等），可以获取其内容（具体数据块）
目录：可以使用ls查看此目录中文件名列表，但无法看到文件的属性meta信息，包括inode号不能查看文件的内容（目录项）
对于写w
文件：可以修改文件内容，文件的是否被删除和文件的权限无关
目录：可在此目录中创建和删除文件，而和被删除的文件的权限无关，删除和文件所属目录的写权限有关
对于执行x
文件：把文件提请内核启动为一个进程，即可以执行此文件（文件的内容必须是可执行的）
目录：
可以cd进入目录
可以使用ls -l file或stat file查看此目录中指定文件的元数据
预先知道文件名称时，也可以查看文件的内容
属于目录的可访问的最小权限
对于X
分配给目录或有部分x权限的文件所有对象x的权限，对于无任意x权限的文件则不会分配x权限
- 修改文件权限chmod
数学法
chmod 600 filename
模式法
chmod u+wx,g-r,o=rx filename
3. 磁盘存储术语总结
- head 磁头 磁头数=盘面数
- track 磁道 磁道数=柱面数
- sector 扇区 512bytes
- cylinder 柱面
512byte * (sectors/track) * track数 * head数 == 磁盘大小
512byte * (sectors/track) * head数 == 一个磁道的柱面大小
注意：centos5之前柱面的整数倍划分分区，centos6之后可以支持以扇区划分分区。
4.总结MBR和GTP
MBR和GTP是磁盘分区的两种方式
4.1 MBR
- MBR使用32位表示扇区数(2^32)，故分区支持不超过2T(2^32*512)
- 0磁道0扇区的512bytes
- 446bytes：boot loader启动相关
- 64bytes： 分区表
- 2bytes：55AA标识位
- 主分区表DPT（64bytes），每个分区16bytes，故一块硬盘最多4个主分区
- 也可以是3个主分区+1个扩展分区（N个逻辑分区）
4.2 GPT
- GPT 使用64位表示扇区数(2^64)，故分区支持8Z(2^64*512)
- GPT支持128个分区
- GPT分区结构分为4个区域
- GPT头
- 分区表
- GPT分区
- 备份区域
5.总结学过的分区，文件系统管理，SWAP管理相关的命令及选项，示例fdisk, parted, mkfs, tune2fs, xfs_info, fsck, mount, umount, swapon, swapoff
5.1 parted
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 26G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
[root@Rocky8 ~]#parted /dev/sdb mklabel msdos
Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be
lost. Do you want to continue?
Yes/No? y
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
[root@Rocky8 ~]#parted /dev/sdb mklabel gpt
Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/sdb will be destroyed and all data on this disk will be
lost. Do you want to continue?
Yes/No? y
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#parted /dev/sdb print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
[root@Rocky8 ~]#parted /dev/sdb
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) help
align-check TYPE N check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment
help [COMMAND] print general help, or help on COMMAND
mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE create a new disklabel (partition table)
mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition
name NUMBER NAME name partition NUMBER as NAME
print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER] display the partition table, available devices, free
space, all found partitions, or a particular partition
quit exit program
rescue START END rescue a lost partition near START and END
resizepart NUMBER END resize partition NUMBER
rm NUMBER delete partition NUMBER
select DEVICE choose the device to edit
disk_set FLAG STATE change the FLAG on selected device
disk_toggle [FLAG] toggle the state of FLAG on selected device
set NUMBER FLAG STATE change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]] toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER
unit UNIT set the default unit to UNIT
version display the version number and copyright information of
GNU Parted
(parted) mkpart primary 1 4097
(parted) print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 1049kB 4097MB 4096MB primary
(parted) mkpart primary 4098 5122
(parted) print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 1049kB 4097MB 4096MB primary
2 4098MB 5122MB 1024MB primary
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk /dev/sdb
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 3.8G 0 part
└─sdb2 8:18 0 977M 0 part
[root@Rocky8 ~]#parted /dev/sdb rm 2
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk /dev/sdb
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 3.8G 0 part 5.2 fdisk
[root@Rocky8 ~]#fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): m
Help:
DOS (MBR)
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit nested BSD disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
Generic
d delete a partition
F list free unpartitioned space
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
p print the partition table
t change a partition type
v verify the partition table
i print information about a partition
Misc
m print this menu
u change display/entry units
x extra functionality (experts only)
Script
I load disk layout from sfdisk script file
O dump disk layout to sfdisk script file
Save & Exit
w write table to disk and exit
q quit without saving changes
Create a new label
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
o create a new empty DOS partition table
s create a new empty Sun partition table
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xbd8de565
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +2G
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xbd8de565
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2
First sector (4196352-41943039, default 4196352):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (4196352-41943039, default 41943039): +4G
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 4 GiB.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3):
First sector (12584960-41943039, default 12584960):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (12584960-41943039, default 41943039): +1G
Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux' and of size 1 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xbd8de565
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 4196352 12584959 8388608 4G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 12584960 14682111 2097152 1G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default e): e
Selected partition 4
First sector (14682112-41943039, default 14682112):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (14682112-41943039, default 41943039):
Created a new partition 4 of type 'Extended' and of size 13 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xbd8de565
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 4196352 12584959 8388608 4G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 12584960 14682111 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 14682112 41943039 27260928 13G 5 Extended
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use.
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (14684160-41943039, default 14684160):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (14684160-41943039, default 41943039): +1G
Created a new partition 5 of type 'Linux' and of size 1 GiB.
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use.
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (16783360-41943039, default 16783360):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (16783360-41943039, default 41943039): +5G
Created a new partition 6 of type 'Linux' and of size 5 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xbd8de565
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 4196352 12584959 8388608 4G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 12584960 14682111 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 14682112 41943039 27260928 13G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 14684160 16781311 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 16783360 27269119 10485760 5G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-6, default 6): 2
Partition 2 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xbd8de565
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 12584960 14682111 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 14682112 41943039 27260928 13G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 14684160 16781311 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 16783360 27269119 10485760 5G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1,3-6, default 6): 5
Partition 5 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xbd8de565
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 12584960 14682111 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 14682112 41943039 27260928 13G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 16783360 27269119 10485760 5G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk /dev/sdb
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part
├─sdb3 8:19 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb4 8:20 0 1K 0 part
└─sdb5 8:21 0 5G 0 part
5.3 gdisk
gdisk /dev/sdc
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.3
Warning: Partition table header claims that the size of partition table
entries is 0 bytes, but this program supports only 128-byte entries.
Adjusting accordingly, but partition table may be garbage.
Warning: Partition table header claims that the size of partition table
entries is 0 bytes, but this program supports only 128-byte entries.
Adjusting accordingly, but partition table may be garbage.
Partition table scan:
MBR: not present
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: not present
Creating new GPT entries.
Command (? for help): ?
b back up GPT data to a file
c change a partition's name
d delete a partition
i show detailed information on a partition
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
o create a new empty GUID partition table (GPT)
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
r recovery and transformation options (experts only)
s sort partitions
t change a partition's type code
v verify disk
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
? print this menu
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1): 1
First sector (34-41943006, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: 2048
Last sector (2048-41943006, default = 41943006) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +1G
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdc: 41943040 sectors, 20.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual S
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 30AD0A49-AA44-42FD-BD59-DB30B19F658E
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 41943006
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 39845821 sectors (19.0 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 2099199 1024.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (2-128, default 2):
First sector (34-41943006, default = 2099200) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (2099200-41943006, default = 41943006) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +1G
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdc: 41943040 sectors, 20.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual S
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 30AD0A49-AA44-42FD-BD59-DB30B19F658E
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 41943006
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 37748669 sectors (18.0 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 2099199 1024.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
2 2099200 4196351 1024.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdc.
The operation has completed successfully.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk /dev/sdc
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdc 8:32 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdc1 8:33 0 1G 0 part
└─sdc2 8:34 0 1G 0 part
[root@Rocky8 ~]#fdisk -l /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xbd8de565
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 4196351 4194304 2G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 12584960 14682111 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sdb4 14682112 41943039 27260928 13G 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 16783360 27269119 10485760 5G 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdc: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 30AD0A49-AA44-42FD-BD59-DB30B19F658E
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdc1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G Linux filesystem
/dev/sdc2 2099200 4196351 2097152 1G Linux filesystem
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
5.4 mkfs
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mkfs.
mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext3 mkfs.fat mkfs.msdos mkfs.xfs
mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.minix mkfs.vfat
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb3
mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Creating filesystem with 262144 4k blocks and 65536 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 682b2980-187a-48ab-827d-bf6989e92123
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mkfs -t xfs -b size=2048 /dev/sdb5
meta-data=/dev/sdb5 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=655360 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
= reflink=1 bigtime=0 inobtcount=0
data = bsize=2048 blocks=2621440, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=2048 blocks=5120, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
5.5 mke2fs
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mke2fs /dev/sdb3
mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
/dev/sdb3 contains a ext4 file system
created on Mon Apr 17 10:19:21 2023
Proceed anyway? (y,N) y
Creating filesystem with 262144 4k blocks and 65536 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 921f44d3-a2ca-4a17-b360-9af3484996bf
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
5.6 xfs_info
[root@Rocky8 ~]#xfs_info /dev/sdb5
meta-data=/dev/sdb5 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=655360 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
= reflink=1 bigtime=0 inobtcount=0
data = bsize=2048 blocks=2621440, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=2048 blocks=5120, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
5.7 blkid
[root@Rocky8 ~]#blkid
/dev/sdb3: UUID="921f44d3-a2ca-4a17-b360-9af3484996bf" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext2" PARTUUID="b98cfe0e-ce1f-7546-83bc-db820a6b4463"
/dev/sda1: UUID="6e782f68-e4f7-4be5-a0de-78c081369bab" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="5aae2f85-01"
/dev/sda2: UUID="z4q18C-SmLM-0MUt-EWZn-BD2C-7UPf-Khdw9Z" TYPE="LVM2_member" PARTUUID="5aae2f85-02"
/dev/sdb5: UUID="1d9dabd3-cad2-4310-8d48-3b581b40dac7" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="80de15b5-cbf0-1640-9868-cc5b628190df"
/dev/sr0: BLOCK_SIZE="2048" UUID="2022-11-10-21-36-06-00" LABEL="Rocky-8-7-x86_64-dvd" TYPE="iso9660" PTUUID="4ea78b84" PTTYPE="dos"
/dev/mapper/rl-root: UUID="55e629e6-f395-4999-8425-cf2dc4d585df" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/mapper/rl-swap: UUID="da5bc7ff-9e40-4d58-bc4e-51697b592934" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sdb1: PARTUUID="ad5fb12e-1672-d74b-b3db-c93f45719693"
/dev/sdb2: PARTUUID="71834548-6822-9c46-98fe-03b135f0e1b2"
/dev/sdb4: PARTUUID="8944e627-3792-4f4d-85f9-0a6a7985bafb"
5.8 tune2fs
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 xfs 6e782f68-e4f7-4be5-a0de-78c081369bab /boot
└─sda2 LVM2_member z4q18C-SmLM-0MUt-EWZn-BD2C-7UPf-Khdw9Z
├─rl-root xfs 55e629e6-f395-4999-8425-cf2dc4d585df /
└─rl-swap swap da5bc7ff-9e40-4d58-bc4e-51697b592934 [SWAP]
sdb
├─sdb1 ext4 cc46268c-f2dd-4a47-b269-6c6796ea1693
├─sdb2 ext4 49d8d68d-f0f5-4851-83d8-8da9d812009b
├─sdb3 ext2 921f44d3-a2ca-4a17-b360-9af3484996bf
├─sdb4
└─sdb5 xfs 1d9dabd3-cad2-4310-8d48-3b581b40dac7
sr0 iso9660 Rocky-8-7-x86_64-dvd 2022-11-10-21-36-06-00
[root@Rocky8 ~]#tune2fs -j /dev/sdb3
tune2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Creating journal inode: done
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 xfs 6e782f68-e4f7-4be5-a0de-78c081369bab /boot
└─sda2 LVM2_member z4q18C-SmLM-0MUt-EWZn-BD2C-7UPf-Khdw9Z
├─rl-root xfs 55e629e6-f395-4999-8425-cf2dc4d585df /
└─rl-swap swap da5bc7ff-9e40-4d58-bc4e-51697b592934 [SWAP]
sdb
├─sdb1 ext4 cc46268c-f2dd-4a47-b269-6c6796ea1693
├─sdb2 ext4 49d8d68d-f0f5-4851-83d8-8da9d812009b
├─sdb3 ext3 921f44d3-a2ca-4a17-b360-9af3484996bf
├─sdb4
└─sdb5 xfs 1d9dabd3-cad2-4310-8d48-3b581b40dac7
sr0 iso9660 Rocky-8-7-x86_64-dvd 2022-11-10-21-36-06-00
[root@Rocky8 ~]#tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/sdb3
tune2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
[root@Rocky8 ~]#fsck -pf /dev/sdb1
fsck from util-linux 2.32.1
/dev/sdb1: 11/131072 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 25405/524288 blocks
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 xfs 6e782f68-e4f7-4be5-a0de-78c081369bab /boot
└─sda2 LVM2_member z4q18C-SmLM-0MUt-EWZn-BD2C-7UPf-Khdw9Z
├─rl-root xfs 55e629e6-f395-4999-8425-cf2dc4d585df /
└─rl-swap swap da5bc7ff-9e40-4d58-bc4e-51697b592934 [SWAP]
sdb
├─sdb1 ext4 cc46268c-f2dd-4a47-b269-6c6796ea1693
├─sdb2 ext4 49d8d68d-f0f5-4851-83d8-8da9d812009b
├─sdb3 ext4 921f44d3-a2ca-4a17-b360-9af3484996bf
├─sdb4
└─sdb5 xfs 1d9dabd3-cad2-4310-8d48-3b581b40dac7
sr0 iso9660 Rocky-8-7-x86_64-dvd 2022-11-10-21-36-06-00
[root@Rocky8 ~]#blkid
/dev/sdb3: UUID="921f44d3-a2ca-4a17-b360-9af3484996bf" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="b98cfe0e-ce1f-7546-83bc-db820a6b4463"
/dev/sda1: UUID="6e782f68-e4f7-4be5-a0de-78c081369bab" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="5aae2f85-01"
/dev/sda2: UUID="z4q18C-SmLM-0MUt-EWZn-BD2C-7UPf-Khdw9Z" TYPE="LVM2_member" PARTUUID="5aae2f85-02"
/dev/sdb5: UUID="1d9dabd3-cad2-4310-8d48-3b581b40dac7" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="80de15b5-cbf0-1640-9868-cc5b628190df"
/dev/sr0: BLOCK_SIZE="2048" UUID="2022-11-10-21-36-06-00" LABEL="Rocky-8-7-x86_64-dvd" TYPE="iso9660" PTUUID="4ea78b84" PTTYPE="dos"
/dev/mapper/rl-root: UUID="55e629e6-f395-4999-8425-cf2dc4d585df" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/mapper/rl-swap: UUID="da5bc7ff-9e40-4d58-bc4e-51697b592934" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sdb1: UUID="cc46268c-f2dd-4a47-b269-6c6796ea1693" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="ad5fb12e-1672-d74b-b3db-c93f45719693"
/dev/sdb2: UUID="49d8d68d-f0f5-4851-83d8-8da9d812009b" BLOCK_SIZE="4096" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="71834548-6822-9c46-98fe-03b135f0e1b2"
/dev/sdb4: PARTUUID="8944e627-3792-4f4d-85f9-0a6a7985bafb"
5.9 dumpe2fs
[root@Rocky8 ~]#dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1
dumpe2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: cc46268c-f2dd-4a47-b269-6c6796ea1693
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent sparse_super large_file uninit_bg
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 131072
Block count: 524288
Reserved block count: 26214
Free blocks: 498883
Free inodes: 131061
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Reserved GDT blocks: 127
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8192
Inode blocks per group: 512
Filesystem created: Mon Apr 17 10:49:08 2023
Last mount time: n/a
Last write time: Mon Apr 17 11:15:48 2023
Mount count: 0
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Mon Apr 17 11:15:48 2023
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 32
Desired extra isize: 32
Journal inode: 8
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: aa57440a-81c6-4109-ba5b-e7311a5ca1b1
Journal backup: inode blocks
Journal features: (none)
Journal size: 64M
Journal length: 16384
Journal sequence: 0x00000001
Journal start: 0
Group 0: (Blocks 0-32767) csum 0x3f66 [ITABLE_ZEROED]
Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-1
Reserved GDT blocks at 2-128
Block bitmap at 129 (+129)
Inode bitmap at 130 (+130)
Inode table at 131-642 (+131)
15718 free blocks, 8181 free inodes, 2 directories, 8181 unused inodes
Free blocks: 17050-32767
Free inodes: 12-8192
Group 1: (Blocks 32768-65535) csum 0x6111 [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Backup superblock at 32768, Group descriptors at 32769-32769
Reserved GDT blocks at 32770-32896
Block bitmap at 32897 (+129)
Inode bitmap at 32898 (+130)
Inode table at 32899-33410 (+131)
32125 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 33411-65535
Free inodes: 8193-16384
Group 2: (Blocks 65536-98303) csum 0x7483 [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Block bitmap at 65536 (+0)
Inode bitmap at 65537 (+1)
Inode table at 65538-66049 (+2)
32254 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 66050-98303
Free inodes: 16385-24576
Group 3: (Blocks 98304-131071) csum 0x3f73 [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Backup superblock at 98304, Group descriptors at 98305-98305
Reserved GDT blocks at 98306-98432
Block bitmap at 98433 (+129)
Inode bitmap at 98434 (+130)
Inode table at 98435-98946 (+131)
32125 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 98947-131071
Free inodes: 24577-32768
Group 4: (Blocks 131072-163839) csum 0x9625 [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Block bitmap at 131072 (+0)
Inode bitmap at 131073 (+1)
Inode table at 131074-131585 (+2)
32254 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 131586-163839
Free inodes: 32769-40960
Group 5: (Blocks 163840-196607) csum 0xddd5 [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Backup superblock at 163840, Group descriptors at 163841-163841
Reserved GDT blocks at 163842-163968
Block bitmap at 163969 (+129)
Inode bitmap at 163970 (+130)
Inode table at 163971-164482 (+131)
32125 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 164483-196607
Free inodes: 40961-49152
Group 6: (Blocks 196608-229375) csum 0xc847 [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Block bitmap at 196608 (+0)
Inode bitmap at 196609 (+1)
Inode table at 196610-197121 (+2)
32254 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 197122-229375
Free inodes: 49153-57344
Group 7: (Blocks 229376-262143) csum 0x83b7 [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Backup superblock at 229376, Group descriptors at 229377-229377
Reserved GDT blocks at 229378-229504
Block bitmap at 229505 (+129)
Inode bitmap at 229506 (+130)
Inode table at 229507-230018 (+131)
32125 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 230019-262143
Free inodes: 57345-65536
Group 8: (Blocks 262144-294911) csum 0x136a [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Block bitmap at 262144 (+0)
Inode bitmap at 262145 (+1)
Inode table at 262146-262657 (+2)
32254 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 262658-294911
Free inodes: 65537-73728
Group 9: (Blocks 294912-327679) csum 0x589a [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Backup superblock at 294912, Group descriptors at 294913-294913
Reserved GDT blocks at 294914-295040
Block bitmap at 295041 (+129)
Inode bitmap at 295042 (+130)
Inode table at 295043-295554 (+131)
32125 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 295555-327679
Free inodes: 73729-81920
Group 10: (Blocks 327680-360447) csum 0x4d08 [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Block bitmap at 327680 (+0)
Inode bitmap at 327681 (+1)
Inode table at 327682-328193 (+2)
32254 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 328194-360447
Free inodes: 81921-90112
Group 11: (Blocks 360448-393215) csum 0x6239 [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Block bitmap at 360448 (+0)
Inode bitmap at 360449 (+1)
Inode table at 360450-360961 (+2)
32254 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 360962-393215
Free inodes: 90113-98304
Group 12: (Blocks 393216-425983) csum 0xafae [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Block bitmap at 393216 (+0)
Inode bitmap at 393217 (+1)
Inode table at 393218-393729 (+2)
32254 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 393730-425983
Free inodes: 98305-106496
Group 13: (Blocks 425984-458751) csum 0x809f [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Block bitmap at 425984 (+0)
Inode bitmap at 425985 (+1)
Inode table at 425986-426497 (+2)
32254 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 426498-458751
Free inodes: 106497-114688
Group 14: (Blocks 458752-491519) csum 0xf1cc [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Block bitmap at 458752 (+0)
Inode bitmap at 458753 (+1)
Inode table at 458754-459265 (+2)
32254 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 459266-491519
Free inodes: 114689-122880
Group 15: (Blocks 491520-524287) csum 0xdefd [INODE_UNINIT, ITABLE_ZEROED]
Block bitmap at 491520 (+0)
Inode bitmap at 491521 (+1)
Inode table at 491522-492033 (+2)
32254 free blocks, 8192 free inodes, 0 directories, 8192 unused inodes
Free blocks: 492034-524287
Free inodes: 122881-131072
5.10 xfs_db
[root@Rocky8 ~]#xfs_db /dev/sdb5
xfs_db> sb
xfs_db> p
magicnum = 0x58465342
blocksize = 2048
dblocks = 2621440
rblocks = 0
rextents = 0
uuid = 1d9dabd3-cad2-4310-8d48-3b581b40dac7
logstart = 2097158
rootino = 64
rbmino = 65
rsumino = 66
rextsize = 2
agblocks = 655360
agcount = 4
rbmblocks = 0
logblocks = 5120
versionnum = 0xb4a5
sectsize = 512
inodesize = 512
inopblock = 4
fname = "\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000\000"
blocklog = 11
sectlog = 9
inodelog = 9
inopblog = 2
agblklog = 20
rextslog = 0
inprogress = 0
imax_pct = 25
icount = 64
ifree = 61
fdblocks = 2616280
frextents = 0
uquotino = 0
gquotino = 0
qflags = 0
flags = 0
shared_vn = 0
inoalignmt = 16
unit = 0
width = 0
dirblklog = 1
logsectlog = 0
logsectsize = 0
logsunit = 1
features2 = 0x18a
bad_features2 = 0x18a
features_compat = 0
features_ro_compat = 0x5
features_incompat = 0x3
features_log_incompat = 0
crc = 0xcdc39bc7 (correct)
spino_align = 8
pquotino = 0
lsn = 0
meta_uuid = 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
xfs_db>
5.11 fsck
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk /dev/sdb1
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part /mnt
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cp /etc/fstab /mnt/f1
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cp /etc/fstab /mnt/f2
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /mnt/
f1 f2 lost+found
[root@Rocky8 ~]#dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb1 bs=1M count=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
1048576 bytes (1.0 MB, 1.0 MiB) copied, 0.00358169 s, 293 MB/s
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /mnt/
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /mnt/
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /mnt/
[root@Rocky8 ~]#tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1
tune2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
tune2fs: Bad magic number in super-block while trying to open /dev/sdb1
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk /dev/sdb1
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part /mnt
[root@Rocky8 ~]#df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1877036 0 1877036 0% /dev
tmpfs 1896712 0 1896712 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1896712 9120 1887592 1% /run
tmpfs 1896712 0 1896712 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rl-root 27245572 4291900 22953672 16% /
/dev/sda1 1038336 195832 842504 19% /boot
tmpfs 379340 0 379340 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 73786976294838104936 73786976294836109412 1979140 100% /mnt
[root@Rocky8 ~]#umount /mnt
[root@Rocky8 ~]#df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 9.0M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rl-root 26G 4.1G 22G 16% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 192M 823M 19% /boot
tmpfs 371M 0 371M 0% /run/user/0
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt
mount: /mnt: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb1, missing codepage or helper program, or other error.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 9.0M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rl-root 26G 4.1G 22G 16% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 192M 823M 19% /boot
tmpfs 371M 0 371M 0% /run/user/0
[root@Rocky8 ~]#e2fsck /dev/sdb1
e2fsck 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
ext2fs_open2: Bad magic number in super-block
e2fsck: Superblock invalid, trying backup blocks...
/dev/sdb1 was not cleanly unmounted, check forced.
Resize inode not valid. Recreate<y>? yes
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Root inode is not a directory. Clear<y>? yes
Inode 8, i_blocks is 0, should be 131208. Fix<y>?
/dev/sdb1: e2fsck canceled.
/dev/sdb1: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED *****
[root@Rocky8 ~]#e2fsck /dev/sdb1 -y
e2fsck 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
/dev/sdb1 was not cleanly unmounted, check forced.
Resize inode not valid. Recreate? yes
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Root inode is not a directory. Clear? yes
Inode 8, i_blocks is 0, should be 131208. Fix? yes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Root inode not allocated. Allocate? yes
/lost+found not found. Create? yes
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
Block bitmap differences: +(0--642) +645 +(649--17049)
Fix? yes
Free blocks count wrong for group #0 (15716, counted=15721).
Fix? yes
Free blocks count wrong (498881, counted=498886).
Fix? yes
Inode bitmap differences: +1 +(3--10)
Fix? yes
Free inodes count wrong for group #0 (8180, counted=8181).
Fix? yes
Directories count wrong for group #0 (3, counted=2).
Fix? yes
Free inodes count wrong (131060, counted=131061).
Fix? yes
Padding at end of inode bitmap is not set. Fix? yes
/dev/sdb1: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED *****
/dev/sdb1: 11/131072 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 25402/524288 blocks
[root@Rocky8 ~]#tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1
tune2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: cc46268c-f2dd-4a47-b269-6c6796ea1693
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype extent sparse_super large_file uninit_bg
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 131072
Block count: 524288
Reserved block count: 26214
Free blocks: 498886
Free inodes: 131061
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Reserved GDT blocks: 127
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8192
Inode blocks per group: 512
Filesystem created: Mon Apr 17 10:49:08 2023
Last mount time: n/a
Last write time: Mon Apr 17 11:47:38 2023
Mount count: 0
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Mon Apr 17 11:47:38 2023
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 32
Desired extra isize: 32
Journal inode: 8
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: aa57440a-81c6-4109-ba5b-e7311a5ca1b1
Journal backup: inode blocks
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt
[root@Rocky8 ~]#df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 9.0M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rl-root 26G 4.1G 22G 16% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 192M 823M 19% /boot
tmpfs 371M 0 371M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1 2.0G 80K 1.8G 1% /mnt
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /mnt/
lost+found
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
5.12 mount umount
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 26G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 26G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part /data/mysql
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
[root@Rocky8 ~]#umount /data/mysql
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 26G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mount /dev/sdb1 /data/mysql/
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cd /data/mysql/
[root@Rocky8 mysql]#ls
lost+found
[root@Rocky8 mysql]#umount /data/mysql
umount: /data/mysql: target is busy.
[root@Rocky8 mysql]#fuser -v /data/mysql/
USER PID ACCESS COMMAND
/data/mysql: root kernel mount /data/mysql
root 3449 ..c.. bash
[root@Rocky8 mysql]#fuser -km /data/mysql
[root@Rocky8 ~]#umount /data/mysql
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 26G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
5.13 永久挂载
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vim /etc/fstab
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cat /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Apr 8 01:08:42 2023
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'.
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.
#
# After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd
# units generated from this file.
#
/dev/mapper/rl-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=6e782f68-e4f7-4be5-a0de-78c081369bab /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/rl-swap none swap defaults 0 0
UUID=e862c6fe-c756-4c32-8901-b9f7f9d47caa /data/mysql ext4 defaults 0 0
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 26G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mount -a
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 26G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part /data/mysql
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom 5.14 swap( swapon和swapoff等)
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 26G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
[root@Rocky8 ~]#free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3.6Gi 307Mi 3.0Gi 8.0Mi 359Mi 3.1Gi
Swap: 3.0Gi 0B 3.0Gi
[root@Rocky8 ~]#gdisk /dev/sdb
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.3
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1):
First sector (34-41943006, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (2048-41943006, default = 41943006) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +1G
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 41943040 sectors, 20.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual S
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): ED04947F-5655-4290-9BF6-2D5CC03FD130
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 41943006
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 39845821 sectors (19.0 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 2099199 1024.0 MiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help): t
Using 1
Current type is 'Linux filesystem'
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): L
0700 Microsoft basic data 0c01 Microsoft reserved 2700 Windows RE
3000 ONIE boot 3001 ONIE config 3900 Plan 9
4100 PowerPC PReP boot 4200 Windows LDM data 4201 Windows LDM metadata
4202 Windows Storage Spac 7501 IBM GPFS 7f00 ChromeOS kernel
7f01 ChromeOS root 7f02 ChromeOS reserved 8200 Linux swap
8300 Linux filesystem 8301 Linux reserved 8302 Linux /home
8303 Linux x86 root (/) 8304 Linux x86-64 root (/ 8305 Linux ARM64 root (/)
8306 Linux /srv 8307 Linux ARM32 root (/) 8400 Intel Rapid Start
8e00 Linux LVM a000 Android bootloader a001 Android bootloader 2
a002 Android boot a003 Android recovery a004 Android misc
a005 Android metadata a006 Android system a007 Android cache
a008 Android data a009 Android persistent a00a Android factory
a00b Android fastboot/ter a00c Android OEM a500 FreeBSD disklabel
a501 FreeBSD boot a502 FreeBSD swap a503 FreeBSD UFS
a504 FreeBSD ZFS a505 FreeBSD Vinum/RAID a580 Midnight BSD data
a581 Midnight BSD boot a582 Midnight BSD swap a583 Midnight BSD UFS
a584 Midnight BSD ZFS a585 Midnight BSD Vinum a600 OpenBSD disklabel
a800 Apple UFS a901 NetBSD swap a902 NetBSD FFS
a903 NetBSD LFS a904 NetBSD concatenated a905 NetBSD encrypted
a906 NetBSD RAID ab00 Recovery HD af00 Apple HFS/HFS+
af01 Apple RAID af02 Apple RAID offline af03 Apple label
Press the <Enter> key to see more codes: 8200
af04 AppleTV recovery af05 Apple Core Storage af06 Apple SoftRAID Statu
af07 Apple SoftRAID Scrat af08 Apple SoftRAID Volum af09 Apple SoftRAID Cache
b300 QNX6 Power-Safe bc00 Acronis Secure Zone be00 Solaris boot
bf00 Solaris root bf01 Solaris /usr & Mac Z bf02 Solaris swap
bf03 Solaris backup bf04 Solaris /var bf05 Solaris /home
bf06 Solaris alternate se bf07 Solaris Reserved 1 bf08 Solaris Reserved 2
bf09 Solaris Reserved 3 bf0a Solaris Reserved 4 bf0b Solaris Reserved 5
c001 HP-UX data c002 HP-UX service e100 ONIE boot
e101 ONIE config ea00 Freedesktop $BOOT eb00 Haiku BFS
ed00 Sony system partitio ed01 Lenovo system partit ef00 EFI System
ef01 MBR partition scheme ef02 BIOS boot partition f800 Ceph OSD
f801 Ceph dm-crypt OSD f802 Ceph journal f803 Ceph dm-crypt journa
f804 Ceph disk in creatio f805 Ceph dm-crypt disk i fb00 VMWare VMFS
fb01 VMWare reserved fc00 VMWare kcore crash p fd00 Linux RAID
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): 8200
Changed type of partition to 'Linux swap'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 41943040 sectors, 20.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual S
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): ED04947F-5655-4290-9BF6-2D5CC03FD130
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 41943006
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 39845821 sectors (19.0 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 2099199 1024.0 MiB 8200 Linux swap
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sdb.
The operation has completed successfully.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mkswap /dev/sdb1
mkswap: /dev/sdb1: warning: wiping old swap signature.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1024 MiB (1073737728 bytes)
no label, UUID=419193d7-9107-4ec8-be47-aeddeb33aa70
[root@Rocky8 ~]#blkid /dev/sdb1
/dev/sdb1: UUID="419193d7-9107-4ec8-be47-aeddeb33aa70" TYPE="swap" PARTLABEL="Linux swap" PARTUUID="ca844b78-7c62-4374-b023-99d491be6ebf"
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vim /etc/fstab
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cat $_
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Apr 8 01:08:42 2023
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'.
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.
#
# After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd
# units generated from this file.
#
/dev/mapper/rl-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=6e782f68-e4f7-4be5-a0de-78c081369bab /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/rl-swap none swap defaults 0 0
#UUID=e862c6fe-c756-4c32-8901-b9f7f9d47caa /data/mysql ext4 defaults 0 0
UUID=419193d7-9107-4ec8-be47-aeddeb33aa70 none swap defaults 0 0
[root@Rocky8 ~]#swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-1 partition 3145724 0 -2
[root@Rocky8 ~]#swapon -a
[root@Rocky8 ~]#swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-1 partition 3145724 0 -2
/dev/sdb1 partition 1048572 0 -3
[root@Rocky8 ~]#free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3.6Gi 313Mi 3.0Gi 8.0Mi 362Mi 3.1Gi
Swap: 4.0Gi 0B 4.0Gi
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 26G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part [SWAP]
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cat /proc/swaps
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-1 partition 3145724 0 -2
/dev/sdb1 partition 1048572 0 -3
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
[root@Rocky8 ~]#dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1G count=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB, 1.0 GiB) copied, 0.972128 s, 1.1 GB/s
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ll /swapfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1073741824 Apr 17 16:31 /swapfile
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mkswap /swapfile
mkswap: /swapfile: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 suggested.
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1024 MiB (1073737728 bytes)
no label, UUID=c238c0eb-1392-47f4-8771-e03ed1517b60
[root@Rocky8 ~]#blkid /swapfile
/swapfile: UUID="c238c0eb-1392-47f4-8771-e03ed1517b60" TYPE="swap"
[root@Rocky8 ~]#chmod 600 /swapfile
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vim /etc/fstab
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cat /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Apr 8 01:08:42 2023
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'.
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.
#
# After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd
# units generated from this file.
#
/dev/mapper/rl-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=6e782f68-e4f7-4be5-a0de-78c081369bab /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/rl-swap none swap defaults 0 0
#UUID=e862c6fe-c756-4c32-8901-b9f7f9d47caa /data/mysql ext4 defaults 0 0
UUID=419193d7-9107-4ec8-be47-aeddeb33aa70 none swap defaults 0 0
/swapfile none swap defaults 0 0
[root@Rocky8 ~]#swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-1 partition 3145724 0 -2
/dev/sdb1 partition 1048572 0 -3
[root@Rocky8 ~]#swapon -a
[root@Rocky8 ~]#swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-1 partition 3145724 0 -2
/dev/sdb1 partition 1048572 0 -3
/swapfile file 1048572 0 -4
[root@Rocky8 ~]#free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3.6Gi 318Mi 1.9Gi 8.0Mi 1.4Gi 3.1Gi
Swap: 5.0Gi 0B 5.0Gi
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 26G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part [SWAP]
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cat /proc/swaps
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/dm-1 partition 3145724 0 -2
/dev/sdb1 partition 1048572 0 -3
/swapfile file 1048572 0 -4
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vim /etc/fstab
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cat /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Apr 8 01:08:42 2023
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'.
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.
#
# After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd
# units generated from this file.
#
/dev/mapper/rl-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=6e782f68-e4f7-4be5-a0de-78c081369bab /boot xfs defaults 0 0
#/dev/mapper/rl-swap none swap defaults 0 0
#UUID=e862c6fe-c756-4c32-8901-b9f7f9d47caa /data/mysql ext4 defaults 0 0
#UUID=419193d7-9107-4ec8-be47-aeddeb33aa70 none swap defaults 0 0
#/swapfile none swap defaults 0 0
[root@Rocky8 ~]#swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/sdb1 partition 1048572 0 -3
/dev/dm-1 partition 3145724 0 -2
/swapfile file 1048572 0 -4
[root@Rocky8 ~]#free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3.6Gi 318Mi 2.9Gi 8.0Mi 366Mi 3.1Gi
Swap: 5.0Gi 0B 5.0Gi
[root@Rocky8 ~]#swapoff /dev/sdb1 /dev/dm-1 /swapfile
[root@Rocky8 ~]#swapon -s
[root@Rocky8 ~]#free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3.6Gi 314Mi 3.0Gi 8.0Mi 363Mi 3.1Gi
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
[root@Rocky8 ~]#reboot
[root@Rocky8 ~]#free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3.6Gi 294Mi 3.0Gi 8.0Mi 356Mi 3.1Gi
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
[root@Rocky8 ~]#free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3.6Gi 294Mi 3.0Gi 8.0Mi 356Mi 3.1Gi
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
[root@Rocky8 ~]#free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3.6Gi 294Mi 3.0Gi 8.0Mi 356Mi 3.1Gi
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
[root@Rocky8 ~]#free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3.6Gi 301Mi 3.0Gi 8.0Mi 356Mi 3.1Gi
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
[root@Rocky8 ~]#dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null bs=5G count=1
dd: memory exhausted by input buffer of size 5368709120 bytes (5.0 GiB)
[root@Rocky8 ~]#dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null bs=1024M count=2
2+0 records in
2+0 records out
2147483648 bytes (2.1 GB, 2.0 GiB) copied, 0.67412 s, 3.2 GB/s
6.总结raid 0, 1, 5, 10, 01的工作原理，各自的利用率，冗余性，性能，至少几个硬盘实现
- RAID独立硬盘冗余阵列
- 功能
- 提高IO能力，磁盘并行读写
- 提高耐用性，磁盘冗余算法来实现
- 不同raid的总结
RAID-0
- 读写都是并行处理，RAID-0的速度是最快的
- 没有冗余能力
- 没有容错能力
- 磁盘数1+，最好至少2台
- 利用率100%
RAID-1
- 与RAID-0相比，写入性能有微小的的降低
- 与RAID-0相比，在一些多线程操作系统中能有很好的读取速度
- 有冗余能力
- 有容错空间
- 磁盘数2+
- 利用率 1/磁盘数 2个磁盘1/2=50%
RAID-5
- 读写都是并行处理，读写性能皆提升
- 有冗余能力
- 有容错能力 允许最多1块磁盘损坏
- 磁盘数3+
- 利用率 （磁盘数-1）/磁盘数 3个磁盘2/3=66%
RAID-6
- 双份校验位，算法更复杂
- 读写都是并行处理，读写性能皆提升
- 有冗余能力
- 有容错能力 允许最多2块磁盘损坏
- 磁盘数4+
- 利用率 （磁盘数-2）/磁盘数 4个磁盘2/4=50% 5个磁盘3/5=60%
RAID-10
- 多个磁盘先实现RAID-1，再实现RAID-0
- 读写性能相对纯RAID-0受影响，相对于纯RAID-1会好些
- 有冗余能力
- 有容错能力 每组镜像卷RAID-1最多能坏（本组磁盘数-1）块
- 磁盘数4+
- 利用率50%
RAID-01
- 多个磁盘先实现RAID-0，再实现RAID-1
- 读写性能相对纯RAID-0受影响，相对于纯RAID-1会好些
- 有冗余能力
- 有容错能力 只能有一个条带卷RAID-0中的磁盘损坏
- 磁盘数4+
- 利用率50%
RAID-50
- 多个磁盘先实现RAID-5，再实现RAID-0
- 相对于RAID-5，读写性能提升，数据更安全
- 有冗余能力
- 有容错能力 每组RAID-5都最多能只能坏1块磁盘
- 磁盘数6+
- 利用率（3个RAID-5，每个RAID-5有三个磁盘）6/9=66%
RAID-60
- 多个磁盘先实现RAID-6，再实现RAID-0
- 相对于RAID-6，读写性能提升，数据更安全
- 有冗余能力
- 有容错能力 每组RAID-6都最多能只能坏2块磁盘
- 磁盘数8+
- 利用率（2个RAID-6，每个RAID-6有4个磁盘）4/8=50%
7. 结合vim几种模式，学会使用vim几个常见操作。
1）如何打开文件。并在打开文件（命令模式）之后如何退出文件。
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vim passwd 首行
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vim passwd + 末行
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vim passwd +3 第三行
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vim passwd +/^ftp 以某某开头的行
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vim passwd +/halt$ 以某某结束的行
ZZ 保存退出
ZQ 不保存退出
2）打开文件（命令模式）之后，进入插入模式。并在插入模式中如何回到打开文件的状态（命令模式），并在命令模式之后如何退出文件。
i： 再光标之前插入内容
I：再行首
a： 当前字符之后
A: 直接跳到行尾
o : 当前基准下一行
O:当前基准线之上上一行
ESCZZ 保存退出
ZQ 不保存退出
3）打开文件（命令模式）之后，进入插入模式，编写一段话，"马哥出品，必属精品", 之后从插入模式中如何回到打开文件的状态（命令模式），并在命令模式之后如何退出文件。
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vim fi
i
输入马哥出品，必属精品
ESCZZ 保存退出
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cat fi
马哥出品，必属精品
4）使用cat命令验证文件内容，是刚刚自己写的内容。
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cat fi
马哥出品，必属精品
8. 完成不影响业务对LVM磁盘扩容及缩容示例
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 26G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
[root@Rocky8 ~]#fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: ED04947F-5655-4290-9BF6-2D5CC03FD130
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G Linux swap
Command (m for help): n
Partition number (2-128, default 2):
First sector (2099200-41943006, default 2099200):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2099200-41943006, default 41943006): +5G
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 5 GiB.
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
Partition type (type L to list all types): L
1 EFI System C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B
2 MBR partition scheme 024DEE41-33E7-11D3-9D69-0008C781F39F
3 Intel Fast Flash D3BFE2DE-3DAF-11DF-BA40-E3A556D89593
4 BIOS boot 21686148-6449-6E6F-744E-656564454649
5 Sony boot partition F4019732-066E-4E12-8273-346C5641494F
6 Lenovo boot partition BFBFAFE7-A34F-448A-9A5B-6213EB736C22
7 PowerPC PReP boot 9E1A2D38-C612-4316-AA26-8B49521E5A8B
8 ONIE boot 7412F7D5-A156-4B13-81DC-867174929325
9 ONIE config D4E6E2CD-4469-46F3-B5CB-1BFF57AFC149
10 Microsoft reserved E3C9E316-0B5C-4DB8-817D-F92DF00215AE
11 Microsoft basic data EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7
12 Microsoft LDM metadata 5808C8AA-7E8F-42E0-85D2-E1E90434CFB3
13 Microsoft LDM data AF9B60A0-1431-4F62-BC68-3311714A69AD
14 Windows recovery environment DE94BBA4-06D1-4D40-A16A-BFD50179D6AC
15 IBM General Parallel Fs 37AFFC90-EF7D-4E96-91C3-2D7AE055B174
16 Microsoft Storage Spaces E75CAF8F-F680-4CEE-AFA3-B001E56EFC2D
17 HP-UX data 75894C1E-3AEB-11D3-B7C1-7B03A0000000
18 HP-UX service E2A1E728-32E3-11D6-A682-7B03A0000000
19 Linux swap 0657FD6D-A4AB-43C4-84E5-0933C84B4F4F
20 Linux filesystem 0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4
21 Linux server data 3B8F8425-20E0-4F3B-907F-1A25A76F98E8
22 Linux root (x86) 44479540-F297-41B2-9AF7-D131D5F0458A
23 Linux root (ARM) 69DAD710-2CE4-4E3C-B16C-21A1D49ABED3
24 Linux root (x86-64) 4F68BCE3-E8CD-4DB1-96E7-FBCAF984B709
25 Linux root (ARM-64) B921B045-1DF0-41C3-AF44-4C6F280D3FAE
26 Linux root (IA-64) 993D8D3D-F80E-4225-855A-9DAF8ED7EA97
27 Linux reserved 8DA63339-0007-60C0-C436-083AC8230908
28 Linux home 933AC7E1-2EB4-4F13-B844-0E14E2AEF915
29 Linux RAID A19D880F-05FC-4D3B-A006-743F0F84911E
30 Linux extended boot BC13C2FF-59E6-4262-A352-B275FD6F7172
31 Linux LVM E6D6D379-F507-44C2-A23C-238F2A3DF928
32 FreeBSD data 516E7CB4-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
33 FreeBSD boot 83BD6B9D-7F41-11DC-BE0B-001560B84F0F
34 FreeBSD swap 516E7CB5-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
35 FreeBSD UFS 516E7CB6-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
36 FreeBSD ZFS 516E7CBA-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
37 FreeBSD Vinum 516E7CB8-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
38 Apple HFS/HFS+ 48465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
39 Apple UFS 55465300-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
40 Apple RAID 52414944-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
41 Apple RAID offline 52414944-5F4F-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
42 Apple boot 426F6F74-0000-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
43 Apple label 4C616265-6C00-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
44 Apple TV recovery 5265636F-7665-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
45 Apple Core storage 53746F72-6167-11AA-AA11-00306543ECAC
46 Solaris boot 6A82CB45-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
47 Solaris root 6A85CF4D-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
48 Solaris /usr & Apple ZFS 6A898CC3-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
49 Solaris swap 6A87C46F-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
50 Solaris backup 6A8B642B-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
51 Solaris /var 6A8EF2E9-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
52 Solaris /home 6A90BA39-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
53 Solaris alternate sector 6A9283A5-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
54 Solaris reserved 1 6A945A3B-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
55 Solaris reserved 2 6A9630D1-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
56 Solaris reserved 3 6A980767-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
57 Solaris reserved 4 6A96237F-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
58 Solaris reserved 5 6A8D2AC7-1DD2-11B2-99A6-080020736631
59 NetBSD swap 49F48D32-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
60 NetBSD FFS 49F48D5A-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
61 NetBSD LFS 49F48D82-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
62 NetBSD concatenated 2DB519C4-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
63 NetBSD encrypted 2DB519EC-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
64 NetBSD RAID 49F48DAA-B10E-11DC-B99B-0019D1879648
65 ChromeOS kernel FE3A2A5D-4F32-41A7-B725-ACCC3285A309
66 ChromeOS root fs 3CB8E202-3B7E-47DD-8A3C-7FF2A13CFCEC
67 ChromeOS reserved 2E0A753D-9E48-43B0-8337-B15192CB1B5E
68 MidnightBSD data 85D5E45A-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
69 MidnightBSD boot 85D5E45E-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
70 MidnightBSD swap 85D5E45B-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
71 MidnightBSD UFS 0394EF8B-237E-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
72 MidnightBSD ZFS 85D5E45D-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
73 MidnightBSD Vinum 85D5E45C-237C-11E1-B4B3-E89A8F7FC3A7
74 Ceph Journal 45B0969E-9B03-4F30-B4C6-B4B80CEFF106
75 Ceph Encrypted Journal 45B0969E-9B03-4F30-B4C6-5EC00CEFF106
76 Ceph OSD 4FBD7E29-9D25-41B8-AFD0-062C0CEFF05D
77 Ceph crypt OSD 4FBD7E29-9D25-41B8-AFD0-5EC00CEFF05D
78 Ceph disk in creation 89C57F98-2FE5-4DC0-89C1-F3AD0CEFF2BE
79 Ceph crypt disk in creation 89C57F98-2FE5-4DC0-89C1-5EC00CEFF2BE
80 VMware VMFS AA31E02A-400F-11DB-9590-000C2911D1B8
81 VMware Diagnostic 9D275380-40AD-11DB-BF97-000C2911D1B8
82 VMware Virtual SAN 381CFCCC-7288-11E0-92EE-000C2911D0B2
83 VMware Virsto 77719A0C-A4A0-11E3-A47E-000C29745A24
84 VMware Reserved 9198EFFC-31C0-11DB-8F78-000C2911D1B8
85 OpenBSD data 824CC7A0-36A8-11E3-890A-952519AD3F61
86 QNX6 file system CEF5A9AD-73BC-4601-89F3-CDEEEEE321A1
87 Plan 9 partition C91818F9-8025-47AF-89D2-F030D7000C2C
Partition type (type L to list all types): 31
Changed type of partition 'Linux filesystem' to 'Linux LVM'.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: ED04947F-5655-4290-9BF6-2D5CC03FD130
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G Linux swap
/dev/sdb2 2099200 12584959 10485760 5G Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 26G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
└─sdb2 8:18 0 5G 0 part
sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom /misc/cd
[root@Rocky8 ~]#pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 rl lvm2 a-- <29.00g 0
[root@Rocky8 ~]#pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sda2
VG Name rl
PV Size <29.00 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 7423
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 7423
PV UUID z4q18C-SmLM-0MUt-EWZn-BD2C-7UPf-Khdw9Z
[root@Rocky8 ~]#pvcreate /dev/sd{c,b2}
Physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully created.
Physical volume "/dev/sdb2" successfully created.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 rl lvm2 a-- <29.00g 0
/dev/sdb2 lvm2 --- 5.00g 5.00g
/dev/sdc lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
rl 1 2 0 wz--n- <29.00g 0
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgcreate -s 16M xyz /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdc
Volume group "xyz" successfully created
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name xyz
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size <14.97 GiB
PE Size 16.00 MiB
Total PE 958
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 958 / <14.97 GiB
VG UUID DHfOJW-GWbR-QVwW-Vgn7-xPXV-475t-aato2Y
--- Volume group ---
VG Name rl
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size <29.00 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 7423
Alloc PE / Size 7423 / <29.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID dVxKFf-SFG6-DtJL-cJhP-OuW5-MAh8-vEf8lR
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
rl 1 2 0 wz--n- <29.00g 0
xyz 2 0 0 wz--n- <14.97g <14.97g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 rl lvm2 a-- <29.00g 0
/dev/sdb2 xyz lvm2 a-- 4.98g 4.98g
/dev/sdc xyz lvm2 a-- 9.98g 9.98g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root rl -wi-ao---- <26.00g
swap rl -wi-a----- 3.00g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rl/swap
LV Name swap
VG Name rl
LV UUID 9hx6zi-d203-yJvb-tu3Y-enXg-zc7b-8Pg0i4
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2023-04-08 09:08:39 +0800
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 3.00 GiB
Current LE 768
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rl/root
LV Name root
VG Name rl
LV UUID WLvQwC-IBY2-rm11-8DDE-rUMf-lwYV-dutfy2
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2023-04-08 09:08:39 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size <26.00 GiB
Current LE 6655
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:0
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvcreate -L 6G -n lv-mysql xyz
Logical volume "lv-mysql" created.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root rl -wi-ao---- <26.00g
swap rl -wi-a----- 3.00g
lv-mysql xyz -wi-a----- 6.00g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ll /dev/xyz/lv-mysql
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 17 23:11 /dev/xyz/lv-mysql -> ../dm-2
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ll /dev/dm*
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 0 Apr 17 16:55 /dev/dm-0
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 1 Apr 17 16:55 /dev/dm-1
brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 2 Apr 17 23:11 /dev/dm-2
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mkfs.ext4 -b 2048 /dev/xyz/lv-mysql
mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Creating filesystem with 3145728 2k blocks and 393216 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 854734e3-20d6-4a4e-84d3-895daa6c1a40
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816, 1327104,
2048000
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@Rocky8 ~]#blkid
/dev/mapper/rl-root: UUID="55e629e6-f395-4999-8425-cf2dc4d585df" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/sda2: UUID="z4q18C-SmLM-0MUt-EWZn-BD2C-7UPf-Khdw9Z" TYPE="LVM2_member" PARTUUID="5aae2f85-02"
/dev/sda1: UUID="6e782f68-e4f7-4be5-a0de-78c081369bab" BLOCK_SIZE="512" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="5aae2f85-01"
/dev/sdb1: UUID="419193d7-9107-4ec8-be47-aeddeb33aa70" TYPE="swap" PARTLABEL="Linux swap" PARTUUID="ca844b78-7c62-4374-b023-99d491be6ebf"
/dev/sdb2: UUID="hLNV1V-Il7t-ZRhJ-f8NN-Jah9-V3d9-GEbSNb" TYPE="LVM2_member" PARTUUID="3b952520-bc11-f34c-908f-a0c49b8d3dd9"
/dev/mapper/rl-swap: UUID="da5bc7ff-9e40-4d58-bc4e-51697b592934" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sr0: BLOCK_SIZE="2048" UUID="2022-11-10-21-36-06-00" LABEL="Rocky-8-7-x86_64-dvd" TYPE="iso9660" PTUUID="4ea78b84" PTTYPE="dos"
/dev/sdc: UUID="6EkFmo-FVLi-2N21-znCf-pv9x-jFyR-i9N1vI" TYPE="LVM2_member"
/dev/mapper/xyz-lv--mysql: UUID="854734e3-20d6-4a4e-84d3-895daa6c1a40" BLOCK_SIZE="2048" TYPE="ext4"
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vim /etc/fstab
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cat /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Apr 8 01:08:42 2023
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'.
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.
#
# After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd
# units generated from this file.
#
/dev/mapper/rl-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=6e782f68-e4f7-4be5-a0de-78c081369bab /boot xfs defaults 0 0
#/dev/mapper/rl-swap none swap defaults 0 0
#UUID=e862c6fe-c756-4c32-8901-b9f7f9d47caa /data/mysql ext4 defaults 0 0
#UUID=419193d7-9107-4ec8-be47-aeddeb33aa70 none swap defaults 0 0
#/swapfile none swap defaults 0 0
UUID=854734e3-20d6-4a4e-84d3-895daa6c1a40 /data/mysql ext4 defaults 0 0
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mkdir /data/mysql/
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘/data/mysql/’: File exists
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mount -a
[root@Rocky8 ~]#df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 8.9M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rl-root 26G 5.1G 21G 20% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 192M 823M 19% /boot
tmpfs 371M 0 371M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/xyz-lv--mysql 5.9G 20K 5.6G 1% /data/mysql
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /data/mysql/
lost+found
```
```bash
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
rl 1 2 0 wz--n- <29.00g 0
xyz 2 1 0 wz--n- <14.97g <8.97g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvextend -l +100%free /dev/xyz/lv-mysql
Size of logical volume xyz/lv-mysql changed from 6.00 GiB (384 extents) to <14.97 GiB (958 extents).
Logical volume xyz/lv-mysql successfully resized.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
rl 1 2 0 wz--n- <29.00g 0
xyz 2 1 0 wz--n- <14.97g 0
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root rl -wi-ao---- <26.00g
swap rl -wi-a----- 3.00g
lv-mysql xyz -wi-ao---- <14.97g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 8.9M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rl-root 26G 5.1G 21G 20% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 192M 823M 19% /boot
tmpfs 371M 0 371M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/xyz-lv--mysql 5.9G 20K 5.6G 1% /data/mysql
[root@Rocky8 ~]#resize2fs /dev/xyz/lv-mysql
resize2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Filesystem at /dev/xyz/lv-mysql is mounted on /data/mysql; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 6, new_desc_blocks = 15
The filesystem on /dev/xyz/lv-mysql is now 7847936 (2k) blocks long.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 8.9M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rl-root 26G 5.1G 21G 20% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 192M 823M 19% /boot
tmpfs 371M 0 371M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/xyz-lv--mysql 15G 20K 15G 1% /data/mysql
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvextend -r -l +100%free /dev/xyz/lv-mysql
xfs_growfs
```
```bash
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 26G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
└─sdb2 8:18 0 5G 0 part
└─xyz-lv--mysql 253:2 0 15G 0 lvm /data/mysql
sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk
└─xyz-lv--mysql 253:2 0 15G 0 lvm /data/mysql
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
[root@Rocky8 ~]#df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 8.9M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rl-root 26G 5.1G 21G 20% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 192M 823M 19% /boot
tmpfs 371M 0 371M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/xyz-lv--mysql 15G 20K 15G 1% /data/mysql
[root@Rocky8 ~]#umount /data/mysql
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvreduce -L 8G -r /dev/xyz/lv-mysql
fsck from util-linux 2.32.1
/dev/mapper/xyz-lv--mysql: 11/980992 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 146723/7847936 blocks
resize2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/mapper/xyz-lv--mysql to 4194304 (2k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/xyz-lv--mysql is now 4194304 (2k) blocks long.
Size of logical volume xyz/lv-mysql changed from <14.97 GiB (958 extents) to 8.00 GiB (512 extents).
Logical volume xyz/lv-mysql successfully resized.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mount -a
[root@Rocky8 ~]#df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 1.9G 8.9M 1.9G 1% /run
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rl-root 26G 5.1G 21G 20% /
/dev/sda1 1014M 192M 823M 19% /boot
tmpfs 371M 0 371M 0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/xyz-lv--mysql 7.9G 20K 7.5G 1% /data/mysql
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root rl -wi-ao---- <26.00g
swap rl -wi-a----- 3.00g
lv-mysql xyz -wi-ao---- 8.00g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
xfs不支持锁容
```
```bash
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
rl 1 2 0 wz--n- <29.00g 0
xyz 2 1 0 wz--n- <14.97g <6.97g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 26G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
└─sdb2 8:18 0 5G 0 part
sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk
└─xyz-lv--mysql 253:2 0 8G 0 lvm /data/mysql
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
[root@Rocky8 ~]#fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: ED04947F-5655-4290-9BF6-2D5CC03FD130
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G Linux swap
/dev/sdb2 2099200 12584959 10485760 5G Linux LVM
Command (m for help): n
Partition number (3-128, default 3):
First sector (12584960-41943006, default 12584960):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (12584960-41943006, default 41943006): +10G
Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 10 GiB.
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-3, default 3):
Partition type (type L to list all types): 31
Changed type of partition 'Linux filesystem' to 'Linux LVM'.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: ED04947F-5655-4290-9BF6-2D5CC03FD130
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 2099199 2097152 1G Linux swap
/dev/sdb2 2099200 12584959 10485760 5G Linux LVM
/dev/sdb3 12584960 33556479 20971520 10G Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
[root@Rocky8 ~]#pvcreate /dev/sdb3
Physical volume "/dev/sdb3" successfully created.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 rl lvm2 a-- <29.00g 0
/dev/sdb2 xyz lvm2 a-- 4.98g 4.98g
/dev/sdb3 lvm2 --- 10.00g 10.00g
/dev/sdc xyz lvm2 a-- 9.98g 1.98g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgextend rl /dev/sdb3
Volume group "rl" successfully extended
[root@Rocky8 ~]#pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 rl lvm2 a-- <29.00g 0
/dev/sdb2 xyz lvm2 a-- 4.98g 4.98g
/dev/sdb3 rl lvm2 a-- <10.00g <10.00g
/dev/sdc xyz lvm2 a-- 9.98g 1.98g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
rl 2 2 0 wz--n- 38.99g <10.00g
xyz 2 1 0 wz--n- <14.97g <6.97g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root rl -wi-ao---- <26.00g
swap rl -wi-a----- 3.00g
lv-mysql xyz -wi-ao---- 8.00g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#df -h /
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rl-root 26G 5.1G 21G 20% /
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvextend -r -L +4G /dev/mapper/rl-root
Size of logical volume rl/root changed from <26.00 GiB (6655 extents) to <30.00 GiB (7679 extents).
Logical volume rl/root successfully resized.
meta-data=/dev/mapper/rl-root isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=1703680 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
= reflink=1 bigtime=0 inobtcount=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=6814720, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=3327, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 6814720 to 7863296
[root@Rocky8 ~]#df -h /
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rl-root 30G 5.2G 25G 18% /
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
rl 2 2 0 wz--n- 38.99g <6.00g
xyz 2 1 0 wz--n- <14.97g <6.97g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
```
```bash
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 30G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 5G 0 part
└─sdb3 8:19 0 10G 0 part
└─rl-root 253:0 0 30G 0 lvm /
sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk
└─xyz-lv--mysql 253:2 0 8G 0 lvm /data/mysql
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 xfs 6e782f68-e4f7-4be5-a0de-78c081369bab /boot
└─sda2 LVM2_member z4q18C-SmLM-0MUt-EWZn-BD2C-7UPf-Khdw9Z
├─rl-root xfs 55e629e6-f395-4999-8425-cf2dc4d585df /
└─rl-swap swap da5bc7ff-9e40-4d58-bc4e-51697b592934
sdb
├─sdb1 swap 419193d7-9107-4ec8-be47-aeddeb33aa70
├─sdb2 LVM2_member hLNV1V-Il7t-ZRhJ-f8NN-Jah9-V3d9-GEbSNb
└─sdb3 LVM2_member B30OzV-Odrx-LPFC-ynA0-WrNf-AJa9-nySJNK
└─rl-root xfs 55e629e6-f395-4999-8425-cf2dc4d585df /
sdc LVM2_member 6EkFmo-FVLi-2N21-znCf-pv9x-jFyR-i9N1vI
└─xyz-lv--mysql ext4 854734e3-20d6-4a4e-84d3-895daa6c1a40 /data/mysql
sr0 iso9660 Rocky-8-7-x86_64-dvd 2022-11-10-21-36-06-00
[root@Rocky8 ~]#pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 rl lvm2 a-- <29.00g 0
/dev/sdb2 xyz lvm2 a-- 4.98g 4.98g
/dev/sdb3 rl lvm2 a-- <10.00g <6.00g
/dev/sdc xyz lvm2 a-- 9.98g 1.98g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name xyz
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 4
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size <14.97 GiB
PE Size 16.00 MiB
Total PE 958
Alloc PE / Size 512 / 8.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 446 / <6.97 GiB
VG UUID DHfOJW-GWbR-QVwW-Vgn7-xPXV-475t-aato2Y
--- Volume group ---
VG Name rl
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 5
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 38.99 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 9982
Alloc PE / Size 8447 / <33.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 1535 / <6.00 GiB
VG UUID dVxKFf-SFG6-DtJL-cJhP-OuW5-MAh8-vEf8lR
[root@Rocky8 ~]#echo '- - -' > /sys/class/scsi_host/host32/scan
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 30G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 5G 0 part
└─sdb3 8:19 0 10G 0 part
└─rl-root 253:0 0 30G 0 lvm /
sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk
└─xyz-lv--mysql 253:2 0 8G 0 lvm /data/mysql
sdd 8:48 0 20G 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
[root@Rocky8 ~]#pvcreate /dev/sdd
Physical volume "/dev/sdd" successfully created.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgextend xyz /dev/sdd
Volume group "xyz" successfully extended
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
rl 2 2 0 wz--n- 38.99g <6.00g
xyz 3 1 0 wz--n- 34.95g 26.95g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 rl lvm2 a-- <29.00g 0
/dev/sdb2 xyz lvm2 a-- 4.98g 4.98g
/dev/sdb3 rl lvm2 a-- <10.00g <6.00g
/dev/sdc xyz lvm2 a-- 9.98g 1.98g
/dev/sdd xyz lvm2 a-- 19.98g 19.98g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 30G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 5G 0 part
└─sdb3 8:19 0 10G 0 part
└─rl-root 253:0 0 30G 0 lvm /
sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk
└─xyz-lv--mysql 253:2 0 8G 0 lvm /data/mysql
sdd 8:48 0 20G 0 disk
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
[root@Rocky8 ~]#pvmove /dev/sdc
/dev/sdc: Moved: 1.37%
/dev/sdc: Moved: 100.00%
[root@Rocky8 ~]#pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 rl lvm2 a-- <29.00g 0
/dev/sdb2 xyz lvm2 a-- 4.98g 4.98g
/dev/sdb3 rl lvm2 a-- <10.00g <6.00g
/dev/sdc xyz lvm2 a-- 9.98g 9.98g
/dev/sdd xyz lvm2 a-- 19.98g 11.98g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 30G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 5G 0 part
└─sdb3 8:19 0 10G 0 part
└─rl-root 253:0 0 30G 0 lvm /
sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk
sdd 8:48 0 20G 0 disk
└─xyz-lv--mysql 253:2 0 8G 0 lvm /data/mysql
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgreduce xyz /dev/sdc
Removed "/dev/sdc" from volume group "xyz"
[root@Rocky8 ~]#pvremove /dev/sdc
Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdc" successfully wiped.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sda2 rl lvm2 a-- <29.00g 0
/dev/sdb2 xyz lvm2 a-- 4.98g 4.98g
/dev/sdb3 rl lvm2 a-- <10.00g <6.00g
/dev/sdd xyz lvm2 a-- 19.98g 11.98g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
```
```bash
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 30G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 5G 0 part
└─sdb3 8:19 0 10G 0 part
└─rl-root 253:0 0 30G 0 lvm /
sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk
sdd 8:48 0 20G 0 disk
└─xyz-lv--mysql 253:2 0 8G 0 lvm /data/mysql
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /data/mysql/
lost+found
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cp /etc/passwd /data/mysql/f1
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cp /etc/passwd /data/mysql/f2
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cp /etc/passwd /data/mysql/f3
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /data/mysql/
f1 f2 f3 lost+found
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root rl -wi-ao---- <30.00g
swap rl -wi-a----- 3.00g
lv-mysql xyz -wi-ao---- 8.00g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
rl 2 2 0 wz--n- 38.99g <6.00g
xyz 2 1 0 wz--n- <24.97g <16.97g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvcreate -n lv-mysql-snapshot -s -p r -L 1G /dev/xyz/lv-mysql
Logical volume "lv-mysql-snapshot" created.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
root rl -wi-ao---- <30.00g
swap rl -wi-a----- 3.00g
lv-mysql xyz owi-aos--- 8.00g
lv-mysql-snapshot xyz sri-a-s--- 1.00g lv-mysql 0.01
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/xyz/lv-mysql
LV Name lv-mysql
VG Name xyz
LV UUID lBqzvl-LFQ2-oAyj-KIEz-cYxe-lyr8-EpyJqc
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time Rocky8, 2023-04-17 23:11:09 +0800
LV snapshot status source of
lv-mysql-snapshot [active]
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 8.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:2
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/xyz/lv-mysql-snapshot
LV Name lv-mysql-snapshot
VG Name xyz
LV UUID hAgmKX-Yr3P-qQXr-pssH-SN22-tHCT-2eKY14
LV Write Access read only
LV Creation host, time Rocky8, 2023-04-18 00:57:55 +0800
LV snapshot status active destination for lv-mysql
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 8.00 GiB
Current LE 512
COW-table size 1.00 GiB
COW-table LE 64
Allocated to snapshot 0.01%
Snapshot chunk size 4.00 KiB
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:5
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rl/swap
LV Name swap
VG Name rl
LV UUID 9hx6zi-d203-yJvb-tu3Y-enXg-zc7b-8Pg0i4
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2023-04-08 09:08:39 +0800
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 3.00 GiB
Current LE 768
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/rl/root
LV Name root
VG Name rl
LV UUID WLvQwC-IBY2-rm11-8DDE-rUMf-lwYV-dutfy2
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2023-04-08 09:08:39 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size <30.00 GiB
Current LE 7679
Segments 2
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:0
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 30G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 5G 0 part
│ └─xyz-lv--mysql--snapshot-cow 253:4 0 1G 0 lvm
│ └─xyz-lv--mysql--snapshot 253:5 0 8G 1 lvm
└─sdb3 8:19 0 10G 0 part
└─rl-root 253:0 0 30G 0 lvm /
sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk
sdd 8:48 0 20G 0 disk
└─xyz-lv--mysql-real 253:3 0 8G 0 lvm
├─xyz-lv--mysql 253:2 0 8G 0 lvm /data/mysql
└─xyz-lv--mysql--snapshot 253:5 0 8G 1 lvm
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
rl 2 2 0 wz--n- 38.99g <6.00g
xyz 2 2 1 wz--n- <24.97g <15.97g
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ll /dev/xyz/lv-mysql*
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 18 00:57 /dev/xyz/lv-mysql -> ../dm-2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 18 00:57 /dev/xyz/lv-mysql-snapshot -> ../dm-5
```
```bash
root@Rocky8 ~]#
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mount /dev/xyz/lv-mysql-snapshot /mnt
mount: /mnt: WARNING: device write-protected, mounted read-only.
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /mnt
f1 f2 f3 lost+found
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vim /data/mysql/
f1 f2 f3 lost+found/
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vim /data/mysql/f1
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cat $_
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cat /mnt/f1
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:Kernel Overflow User:/:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-coredump:x:999:997:systemd Core Dumper:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-resolve:x:193:193:systemd Resolver:/:/sbin/nologin
tss:x:59:59:Account used for TPM access:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
polkitd:x:998:996:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
libstoragemgmt:x:997:993:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin
sssd:x:996:992:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin
cockpit-ws:x:995:991:User for cockpit web service:/nonexisting:/sbin/nologin
cockpit-wsinstance:x:994:990:User for cockpit-ws instances:/nonexisting:/sbin/nologin
chrony:x:993:989::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
xinyuzhe:x:1000:1000:xinyuzheWANG:/home/xinyuzhe:/bin/bash
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cat /mnt/f2
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:Kernel Overflow User:/:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-coredump:x:999:997:systemd Core Dumper:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-resolve:x:193:193:systemd Resolver:/:/sbin/nologin
tss:x:59:59:Account used for TPM access:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
polkitd:x:998:996:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
libstoragemgmt:x:997:993:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin
sssd:x:996:992:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin
cockpit-ws:x:995:991:User for cockpit web service:/nonexisting:/sbin/nologin
cockpit-wsinstance:x:994:990:User for cockpit-ws instances:/nonexisting:/sbin/nologin
chrony:x:993:989::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
xinyuzhe:x:1000:1000:xinyuzheWANG:/home/xinyuzhe:/bin/bash
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cat /mnt/f3
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:65534:65534:Kernel Overflow User:/:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-coredump:x:999:997:systemd Core Dumper:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-resolve:x:193:193:systemd Resolver:/:/sbin/nologin
tss:x:59:59:Account used for TPM access:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
polkitd:x:998:996:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
libstoragemgmt:x:997:993:daemon account for libstoragemgmt:/var/run/lsm:/sbin/nologin
sssd:x:996:992:User for sssd:/:/sbin/nologin
cockpit-ws:x:995:991:User for cockpit web service:/nonexisting:/sbin/nologin
cockpit-wsinstance:x:994:990:User for cockpit-ws instances:/nonexisting:/sbin/nologin
chrony:x:993:989::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
xinyuzhe:x:1000:1000:xinyuzheWANG:/home/xinyuzhe:/bin/bash
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
[root@Rocky8 ~]#rm -f /data/mysql/f2
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /data/mysql/
f1 f3 lost+found
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /mnt
f1 f2 f3 lost+found
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cp /etc/fstab /data/mysql/f4
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /data/mysql/
f1 f3 f4 lost+found
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /mnt
f1 f2 f3 lost+found
[root@Rocky8 ~]#vim /data/mysql/f4
[root@Rocky8 ~]#cat /data/mysql/f4
UPDATE
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /mnt
f1 f2 f3 lost+found
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
[root@Rocky8 ~]#umount /mnt
[root@Rocky8 ~]#umount /data/mysql
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lvconvert --merge /dev/xyz/lv-mysql-snapshot
Merging of volume xyz/lv-mysql-snapshot started.
xyz/lv-mysql: Merged: 100.00%
[root@Rocky8 ~]#mount -a
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /dev/xyz/
lv-mysql
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /dev/xyz/lv-mysql -l
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 18 01:29 /dev/xyz/lv-mysql -> ../dm-2
[root@Rocky8 ~]#lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 30G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─sda2 8:2 0 29G 0 part
├─rl-root 253:0 0 30G 0 lvm /
└─rl-swap 253:1 0 3G 0 lvm
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 1G 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 5G 0 part
└─sdb3 8:19 0 10G 0 part
└─rl-root 253:0 0 30G 0 lvm /
sdc 8:32 0 10G 0 disk
sdd 8:48 0 20G 0 disk
└─xyz-lv--mysql 253:2 0 8G 0 lvm /data/mysql
sr0 11:0 1 2.2G 0 rom
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /data/mysql/
f1 f2 f3 lost+found
[root@Rocky8 ~]#ls /data/mysql/ -l
total 22
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1369 Apr 18 00:47 f1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1369 Apr 18 00:47 f2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1369 Apr 18 00:47 f3
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Apr 17 23:16 lost+found
[root@Rocky8 ~]#
1140
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
