C++ Primer plus 第十二章

12.1 2 3

代码

//strngbad.h
#include <iostream>
#ifndef STRNGBAD_H_
#define STRNGBAD_H_

class StringBad
{
private:
	//指针声明的字符串本身没有分配内存，在构造函数中使用new来分配内存
	char * str;
	
    //声明字符串长度
	int len;

	//无论创造多少个对象，程序只创造一个静态变量副本
	//所有的对象共享一个静态变量
	static int num_strings;
	
public:
	StringBad(const char * s);
	StringBad();
	~StringBad();
	
	friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os,
		const StringBad & st);
};

#endif // !STRNGBAD_H_

#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <cstring>
#include "12.1.h"
using namespace std;

//由StringBad类创造的对象都共享一个静态变量
//在类声明中声明，在定义类成员函数中初始化静态变量，除非是整型或枚举const
//声明描述了如何分配内存，但并不分配内存。
//初始化没有关键字static
int StringBad::num_strings = 0;

//在构造函数中分配内存
StringBad::StringBad(const char * s)
{
	len = strlen(s);

	//new给s分配内存，返回指针，赋值给str(类成员参数）
	str = new char[len + 1];
	
	strcpy(str, s);

	//记录字符串数
	num_strings++;
	cout << num_strings << ": \"" << str
		<< "\"object created\n";
}

StringBad::StringBad()
{
	len = 4;
	str = new char[4];
	strcpy(str, "C++");
	num_strings++;
	cout << num_strings << ": \"" << str
		<< "\" default object created\n";
}

//在析构函数中释放内存
//在构造函数中使用new[]分配内存，在析构函数中必须使用delete[]释放内存
StringBad::~StringBad()
{
	cout << "\"" << str << "\" object deleted, ";
	--num_strings;
	cout << num_strings << " left\n";
	//delete释放内存
	delete[] str;

}

std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const StringBad & st)
{
	os << st.str;
	return os;
}

//该程序的结果包含错误，这是一个不完美的类
#include <iostream>
#include "12.1.h"

using std::cout;

void callme1(StringBad &);
void callme2(StringBad);

int main()
{
	using std::endl;
	{
		cout << "Starting an inner block.\n";
		
		//实例化三个对象
		StringBad headline1("Celery Stalks at Midnight");
		StringBad headline2("Lettuce Prey");
		StringBad sports("Spinach Leaves Bow1 for Dollars");
		cout << "headline1: " << headline1 << endl;
		cout << "headline2: " << headline2 << endl;
		cout << "sports: " << sports << endl;

		//通过引用传值
		callme1(headline1);
		cout << "headline1: " << headline1 << endl;

		//由于callme2函数是值传递，导致错误
		callme2(headline2);
		cout << "headline2: " << headline2 << endl;

		cout << "Initialize one object to another:\n";
		StringBad sailor = sports;
		cout << "sailor: " << sailor << endl;

		cout << "Assign one object to another:\n";
		StringBad knot;
		knot = headline1;
		cout << "knot: " << knot << endl;
		cout << "Exiting the block.\n";	
	}
	cout << "End of main()" << endl;
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}



void callme1(StringBad & rsb)
{
	cout