MySQL基础-视图

1. 视图

含义：虚拟表，和普通表一样使用
mysql5.1版本出现的新特性，是通过表动态生成的数据

	创建语法的关键字	是否实际占用物理空间	使用
视图	create view	只是保存了sql逻辑	增删改查，只是一般不能增删改
表	create table	保存了数据	增删改查

案例：查询姓张的学生名和专业名

SELECT stuname,majorname
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m ON s.`majorid`= m.`id`
WHERE s.`stuname` LIKE '张%';

CREATE VIEW v1
AS
SELECT stuname,majorname
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m ON s.`majorid`= m.`id`;

SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE stuname LIKE '张%';

1.1 创建视图

语法：

create view 视图名
as
查询语句;

USE myemployees;

1.查询姓名中包含a字符的员工名、部门名和工种信息
①创建

CREATE VIEW myv1
AS

SELECT last_name,department_name,job_title
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d ON e.department_id  = d.department_id
JOIN jobs j ON j.job_id  = e.job_id;

②使用

SELECT * FROM myv1 WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%';

2.查询各部门的平均工资级别
①创建视图查看每个部门的平均工资

CREATE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

②使用

SELECT myv2.`ag`,g.grade_level
FROM myv2
JOIN job_grades g
ON myv2.`ag` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;

3.查询平均工资最低的部门信息

SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;

4.查询平均工资最低的部门名和工资

CREATE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;

SELECT d.*,m.ag
FROM myv3 m
JOIN departments d
ON m.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;

1.2 视图的修改

方式一：

语法：
视图如果存在则修改，不存在则创建新视图

create or replace view  视图名
as
查询语句;

SELECT * FROM myv3 

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT AVG(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;

方式二：

语法：

alter view 视图名
as 
查询语句;

ALTER VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM employees;

1.3 删除视图

语法：

drop view 视图名,视图名,...;

DROP VIEW emp_v1,emp_v2,myv3;

1.4 查看视图

DESC myv3;

SHOW CREATE VIEW myv3;

1.5 视图的更新（数据更新）

创建视图

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email
FROM employees;

查看数据

SELECT * FROM myv1;
SELECT * FROM employees;

1.5.1 插入

向视图myv1插入数据，原始表employees也有插入数据

INSERT INTO myv1 VALUES('张飞','zf@qq.com');

1.5.2 修改

向视图myv1修改了数据，原始表employees也修改了数据

UPDATE myv1 SET last_name = '张无忌' WHERE last_name='张飞';

1.5.3 删除

向视图myv1删除了数据，原始表employees也删除了数据

DELETE FROM myv1 WHERE last_name = '张无忌';

发现对视图操作同时也会影响到原始表的数据，一般我们会给视图给只读的权限，避免数据上的操作

具备以下特点的视图不允许更新

①包含以下关键字的sql语句：分组函数、distinct、group by、having、union或者union all

创建包含关键字的视图

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) m,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

SELECT * FROM myv1;

测试更新

UPDATE myv1 SET m=9000 WHERE department_id=10;

结果：

②常量视图
创建含有常量的视图

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT 'john' NAME;

查看数据

SELECT * FROM myv2;

测试更新

UPDATE myv2 SET NAME='lucy';

结果

③Select中包含子查询
创建含有select子查询的视图

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT department_id,(SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees) 最高工资
FROM departments;

查看数据

SELECT * FROM myv3;

测试更新

UPDATE myv3 SET 最高工资=100000;

结果

④join
创建含有join的视图

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv4
AS
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id  = d.department_id;

查看数据

SELECT * FROM myv4;

测试更新

UPDATE myv4 SET last_name  = '张飞' WHERE last_name='Whalen';

结果：可以更新

测试插入

INSERT INTO myv4 VALUES('陈真','xxxx');

结果

⑤from一个不能更新的视图
根据一个不能更新的视图创建新视图

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv5
AS
SELECT * FROM myv3;

查看数据

SELECT * FROM myv5;

测试更新

UPDATE myv5 SET 最高工资=10000 WHERE department_id=60;

结果

⑥where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表
创建一个where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的视图

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv6
AS
SELECT last_name,email,salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(
	SELECT  manager_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
);

查看数据

SELECT * FROM myv6;

测试更新

UPDATE myv6 SET salary=10000 WHERE last_name = 'k_ing';

结果