update-alternative 配置gcc的版本

最近在项目中编译出现如下错误：

gcc: fatal error: cannot execute 'cc1plus': execvp: No such file or directory

我已经安装了 gcc 跟 g++,上面的错误应该是 gcc 跟g++ 的版本不一致导致的
查看我pc 上面的 gcc跟 g++版本

$ gcc -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/9/lto-wrapper
OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none:hsa
OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 9.5.0-1ubuntu1~22.04' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-9/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,brig,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++,gm2 --prefix=/usr --with-gcc-major-version-only --program-suffix=-9 --program-prefix=x86_64-linux-gnu- --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --enable-bootstrap --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-plugin --enable-default-pie --with-system-zlib --with-target-system-zlib=auto --enable-objc-gc=auto --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --enable-multilib --with-tune=generic --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none=/build/gcc-9-5Q4PKF/gcc-9-9.5.0/debian/tmp-nvptx/usr,hsa --without-cuda-driver --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-build-config=bootstrap-lto-lean --enable-link-mutex
Thread model: posix
gcc version 9.5.0 (Ubuntu 9.5.0-1ubuntu1~22.04) 

g++ 版本

$ g++ -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=g++
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/lto-wrapper
OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none:amdgcn-amdhsa
OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 11.3.0-1ubuntu1~22.04.1' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-11/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,brig,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++,m2 --prefix=/usr --with-gcc-major-version-only --program-suffix=-11 --program-prefix=x86_64-linux-gnu- --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --enable-bootstrap --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-plugin --enable-default-pie --with-system-zlib --enable-libphobos-checking=release --with-target-system-zlib=auto --enable-objc-gc=auto --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --enable-cet --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --enable-multilib --with-tune=generic --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none=/build/gcc-11-aYxV0E/gcc-11-11.3.0/debian/tmp-nvptx/usr,amdgcn-amdhsa=/build/gcc-11-aYxV0E/gcc-11-11.3.0/debian/tmp-gcn/usr --without-cuda-driver --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-build-config=bootstrap-lto-lean --enable-link-serialization=2
Thread model: posix
Supported LTO compression algorithms: zlib zstd
gcc version 11.3.0 (Ubuntu 11.3.0-1ubuntu1~22.04.1) 

gcc 的版本是9，g++的版本是 11，我们需要将2者的版本设置为一致的

$ which gcc
/usr/bin/gcc

$ ls -l /usr/bin/gcc
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21  6月 25 11:17 /usr/bin/gcc -> /etc/alternatives/gcc

$ ls -l /etc/alternatives/gcc
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14  6月 25 11:17 /etc/alternatives/gcc -> /usr/bin/gcc-9

/usr/bin$ ls gcc* -l
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21  6月 25 11:17 gcc -> /etc/alternatives/gcc
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 23  1月 16  2023 gcc-11 -> x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-11
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 22  7月 19  2022 gcc-9 -> x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-9
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9  8月  5  2021 gcc-ar -> gcc-ar-11
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 26  1月 16  2023 gcc-ar-11 -> x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-ar-11
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 25  7月 19  2022 gcc-ar-9 -> x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-ar-9
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9  8月  5  2021 gcc-nm -> gcc-nm-11
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 26  1月 16  2023 gcc-nm-11 -> x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-nm-11
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 25  7月 19  2022 gcc-nm-9 -> x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-nm-9
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13  8月  5  2021 gcc-ranlib -> gcc-ranlib-11
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 30  1月 16  2023 gcc-ranlib-11 -> x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-ranlib-11
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 29  7月 19  2022 gcc-ranlib-9 -> x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-ranlib-9

发现已经有了gcc 11 的版本只不过现在默认选择的是 9版本

通过 update-alertnative 来动态选择：

1. 查看 update-alertnative gcc 的配置

$ update-alternatives --display gcc
gcc - 自动模式
  最佳链接版本为 /usr/bin/gcc-9
 链接目前指向 /usr/bin/gcc-9
  链接 gcc 指向 /usr/bin/gcc
/usr/bin/gcc-9 - 优先级 100

2. 添加 gcc 11

$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-11 40

$ update-alternatives --display gcc
gcc - 自动模式
  最佳链接版本为 /usr/bin/gcc-9
 链接目前指向 /usr/bin/gcc-9
  链接 gcc 指向 /usr/bin/gcc
/usr/bin/gcc-11 - 优先级 40
/usr/bin/gcc-9 - 优先级 100

3. 选择gcc-11 为默认的 gcc

$ sudo update-alternatives --config gcc
有 2 个候选项可用于替换 gcc (提供 /usr/bin/gcc)。

  选择       路径           优先级  状态
------------------------------------------------------------
* 0            /usr/bin/gcc-9    100       自动模式
  1            /usr/bin/gcc-11   40        手动模式
  2            /usr/bin/gcc-9    100       手动模式

要维持当前值[*]请按<回车键>，或者键入选择的编号：1
update-alternatives: 使用 /usr/bin/gcc-11 来在手动模式中提供 /usr/bin/gcc (gcc)

4. 查看gcc 的版本

$ gcc -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/11/lto-wrapper
OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none:amdgcn-amdhsa
OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 11.3.0-1ubuntu1~22.04.1' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-11/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,brig,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++,m2 --prefix=/usr --with-gcc-major-version-only --program-suffix=-11 --program-prefix=x86_64-linux-gnu- --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --enable-bootstrap --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-plugin --enable-default-pie --with-system-zlib --enable-libphobos-checking=release --with-target-system-zlib=auto --enable-objc-gc=auto --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --enable-cet --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --enable-multilib --with-tune=generic --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none=/build/gcc-11-aYxV0E/gcc-11-11.3.0/debian/tmp-nvptx/usr,amdgcn-amdhsa=/build/gcc-11-aYxV0E/gcc-11-11.3.0/debian/tmp-gcn/usr --without-cuda-driver --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu --with-build-config=bootstrap-lto-lean --enable-link-serialization=2
Thread model: posix
Supported LTO compression algorithms: zlib zstd
gcc version 11.3.0 (Ubuntu 11.3.0-1ubuntu1~22.04.1)