itertools类

这里记录下itertools中常用的排列，组合，笛卡尔积等方法

1. 排列 permutations

    >>> from itertools import permutations
	>>> t = permutations([1,2,3],2)
	>>> list(t)
	[(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2)]
	>>> t = permutations([1,2,3],3)
	>>> list(t)
	[(1, 2, 3), (1, 3, 2), (2, 1, 3), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2), (3, 2, 1)]

1. 组合 combinations

	>>> from itertools import combinations
	>>> t = combinations([1,2,3],2)#第一个参数是序列，第二个参数是放回几个元素的组合
	>>> list(t)
	[(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)]

	>>> t = combinations([1,2,3],3)
	>>> list(t)
	[(1, 2, 3)]

	>>> t = combinations([1,2,3],1)
	>>> list(t)
	[(1,), (2,), (3,)]

	>>> t = combinations([1,2,3],0)
	>>> list(t)
	[()]

	>>> t = combinations([1,2,3],-1)
	Traceback (most recent call last):
	  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
	ValueError: r must be non-negative

• 笛卡尔积 product

	>>> from itertools import product
	>>> t = product([1,2,3],[4,5])
	>>> list(t)
	[(1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5)]

	>>> t = product([1,2,3],(4,5))#传入元组
	>>> list(t)
	[(1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5)]

	>>> t = product('hello','world')#传入字符串
	>>> list(t)
	[('h', 'w'), ('h', 'o'), ('h', 'r'), ('h', 'l'), ('h', 'd'), ('e', 'w'), ('e', 'o'), ('e', 'r'), ('e', 'l'), ('e', 'd'), ('l', 'w'), ('l', 'o'), ('l', 'r'), ('l', 'l'), ('l', 'd'), ('l', 'w'), ('l', 'o'), ('l', 'r'), ('l', 'l'), ('l', 'd'), ('o', 'w'), ('o', 'o'), ('o', 'r'), ('o', 'l'), ('o', 'd')]

	>>> t = product([1,2,3],(4))#两个参数必须是可迭代的
	Traceback (most recent call last):
	  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
	TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable

	>>> t = product([1,2,3],(4,))#此时就不会报错
	>>> list(t)
	[(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)]

	>>> t = product([1,2,3],)#传入一个序列就是分开
	>>> list(t)
	[(1,), (2,), (3,)]

• 累加 accumulate

	>>> from itertools import accumulate
	>>> t = accumulate(range(1))
	>>> list(t)
	[0]

	>>> t = accumulate(range(2))
	>>> list(t)
	[0, 1]

	>>> t = accumulate(range(3))
	>>> list(t)
	[0, 1, 3]

	>>> t = accumulate(range(4))
	>>> list(t)
	[0, 1, 3, 6]

	>>> t = accumulate(range(0))
	>>> list(t)
	[]
##返回值就是传入序列对应位置及前n个元素的和组成的新列表
##例如
##输入
##[1,2,3,4,5]
##返回
##[1,3,6,10,15]

• 连接容器 chain

	>>> x = chain(range(3),range(4),range(5))
	>>> list(x)
	[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]