设计模式：建造者模式

建造者模式（Builder Pattern）是一种创建型设计模式，它允许使用多个简单的对象一步一步构建一个复杂的对象。建造者模式的主要目的是将对象的构造与它的表示分离，使得相同的构建过程可以创建不同的表示。

建造者模式的核心要素

1. Builder：定义一个用于创建产品对象的接口。
2. ConcreteBuilder：实现Builder接口，构建和装配各个部件。
3. Product：表示被构造的复杂对象。ConcreteBuilder创建该产品的内部表示并定义它的装配过程。
4. Director：构造一个使用Builder接口的对象。

建造者模式的结构图

                        +---------------+
                        |    Director   |
                        +---------------+
                                |
                                v
                        +---------------+
+-----------+           |    Builder    |<-----------+
|  Client   |<----------| +buildPartA() |            |
+-----------+           | +buildPartB() |            |
                        +---------------+            |
                                |                    |
                                v                    |
                       +-----------------+           |
                       | ConcreteBuilder |           |
                       +-----------------+           |
                       |  - product      |           |
                       +-----------------+           |
                                |                    |
                                v                    |
                          +-----------+              |
                          |  Product  |<-------------+
                          +-----------+

代码实现

产品类

// Product class
public class House {
    private String foundation;
    private String structure;
    private String roof;
    private String interior;

    public void setFoundation(String foundation) {
        this.foundation = foundation;
    }

    public void setStructure(String structure) {
        this.structure = structure;
    }

    public void setRoof(String roof) {
        this.roof = roof;
    }

    public void setInterior(String interior) {
        this.interior = interior;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "House [foundation=" + foundation + ", structure=" + structure + 
               ", roof=" + roof + ", interior=" + interior + "]";
    }
}

建造者接口

// Builder interface
public interface HouseBuilder {
    void buildFoundation();
    void buildStructure();
    void buildRoof();
    void buildInterior();
    House getHouse();
}

具体建造者类

// ConcreteBuilder class
public class ConcreteHouseBuilder implements HouseBuilder {
    private House house;

    public ConcreteHouseBuilder() {
        this.house = new House();
    }

    @Override
    public void buildFoundation() {
        house.setFoundation("Concrete, brick, and stone");
        System.out.println("ConcreteHouseBuilder: Foundation complete...");
    }

    @Override
    public void buildStructure() {
        house.setStructure("Wooden structure");
        System.out.println("ConcreteHouseBuilder: Structure complete...");
    }

    @Override
    public void buildRoof() {
        house.setRoof("Concrete roof");
        System.out.println("ConcreteHouseBuilder: Roof complete...");
    }

    @Override
    public void buildInterior() {
        house.setInterior("Paint and furniture");
        System.out.println("ConcreteHouseBuilder: Interior complete...");
    }

    @Override
    public House getHouse() {
        return this.house;
    }
}

指导者类

// Director class
public class ConstructionEngineer {
    private HouseBuilder houseBuilder;

    public ConstructionEngineer(HouseBuilder houseBuilder) {
        this.houseBuilder = houseBuilder;
    }

    public House constructHouse() {
        this.houseBuilder.buildFoundation();
        this.houseBuilder.buildStructure();
        this.houseBuilder.buildRoof();
        this.houseBuilder.buildInterior();
        return this.houseBuilder.getHouse();
    }
}

客户端代码

// Client code
public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        HouseBuilder houseBuilder = new ConcreteHouseBuilder();
        ConstructionEngineer engineer = new ConstructionEngineer(houseBuilder);

        House house = engineer.constructHouse();
        System.out.println("House constructed: " + house);
    }
}