2023 HiMCM 题目和翻译

创作不易，麻烦各位：点赞、收藏、关注！！！
作者： 天人实验室

想知道如何解题，请联系我们，联系方式在文章末尾

原题 A+翻译

$$\mathbf{ProblemA}:\mathbf{Dandelions}:\mathbf{Friend}?\mathbf{Foe}?\mathbf{Both}?\mathbf{Neither}?$$

Taraxacum officinale, commonly referred to as the dandelion, is a plant native to Eurasia that can now be found worldwide[1]. This plant is easily identifiable by its bright yellow flowers (Figure 1) and its distinctive “puffball” seed head (Figure 2). Each seed from this head is attached to a parachute-like structure, known as a ‘pappus’, which facilitates wind dispersal[2]

想知道如何解题，请联系我们，联系方式在文章末尾
.
Requirements

1. If a single dandelion in its “puffball” stage is adjacent to an open one-hectare plot of land, create a mathematical model to predict the spread of dandelions over the course of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months. Make sure your model incorporates the effects of various climatic conditions, such as temperate, arid, and tropical climates, on dandelion growth.
2. The relationship between dandelions, humans, and other flora is complicated. Because of the plant’s ability to thrive in diverse environments, some label it a pesky weed or as an invasive species. Conversely, every part of the dandelion is edible, and the plant has a rich history of medicinal and culinary use.
   
   Formulate a mathematical model capable of determining an ‘impact factor’ for invasive species. This model should integrate multiple variables, including the plant’s characteristics and the nature and extent of the harm it inflicts on its environment.

• a. Test your model by using it to compute an impact factor for dandelions.
• b. Apply your model to determine the impact factor for two other plant species of your choice that are often considered invasive. Make sure to identify the region for whom each of the plants you choose are invasive.

$$\mathbf{A}\mathbf{题}:\mathbf{蒲公英}:\mathbf{朋友}?\mathbf{敌人}?\mathbf{都是}?\mathbf{都不是}?$$

想知道如何解题，请联系我们，联系方式在文章末尾

蒲公英，通常被称为蒲公英，是一种原产于欧亚大陆的植物，现在可以在世界各地找到[1]。这种植物很容易被其明亮的黄色花朵（图1）和独特的“河豚”种子头（图2）所识别。来自这个头部的每一颗种子都附着在一个类似降落伞的结构上，被称为“pappus”，这有助于分散风[2].

问题：

1. 如果一个处于“河豚”阶段的蒲公英与一公顷开阔的土地相邻，则创建一个数学模型来预测蒲公英在1、2、3、6和12个月内的传播。确保您的模型包含了各种气候条件（如温带、干旱和热带气候）对蒲公英生长的影响。

2. 蒲公英、人类和其他植物之间的关系是复杂的。由于这种植物能够在不同的环境中茁壮成长，一些人将其称为讨厌的杂草或入侵物种。相反，蒲公英的每一部分都是可食用的，这种植物有着丰富的药用和烹饪历史。

建立一个能够确定入侵物种“影响因素”的数学模型。该模型应整合多个变量，包括植物的特征及其对环境造成的危害的性质和程度。

• a.用它来计算蒲公英的影响因素，以此来测试你的模型。

• b.应用你的模型来确定你选择的另外两种植物的影响因素，这两种植物通常被认为是入侵性的。确保识别出你选择的每种植物都具有入侵性的区域。

想知道如何解题，请联系我们，联系方式在文章末尾

原题 B+翻译

$$\mathbf{ProblemB}:\mathbf{ChargingAheadwithE}-\mathbf{buses}$$

The proliferation of electronic buses (e-buses) in cities across the globe represents a significant stride toward sustainable urban transport. With the mounting concerns over air pollution and climate change, many cities have been prompted to reconsider their reliance on traditional diesel buses. According to a recent report by Bloomberg New Energy Finance[1], e-buses are set to dominate the public transit sector, becoming the majority of all buses on the road globally by 2032. China has been particularly noteworthy in this transition, as it is home to most of the world’s e-buses, driven in large part by government policies that prioritize electric vehicles and stringent emission standards. Cities throughout the world (e.g., Bogota, Colombia, New York, USA, and Berlin, Germany) are also making concerted efforts to incorporate e-buses into their fleets, albeit at a more gradual pace.

E-buses aren’t only environmentally appealing but are also anticipated to be cost-effective in the long run due to falling battery prices and lower operational expenses. Governmental incentives, such as the $1.7 billion allocation from the 2023 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for e-bus projects in the U.S.[2], further bolster e-bus adoption. However, challenges include high initial costs, charging infrastructure development, lengthy charging times, and potential range limitations.

1. Construct a model to aid cities in understanding the ecological consequences of transitioning to an all-electric bus fleet.

Identify a metropolitan area with a population of (at least) 500,000 people that does not currently have a fully electric bus fleet. Apply your model to your chosen location.

2. Money matters. Construct a model that focuses on the financial implications associated with a conversion to e-buses. Your model should factor in potential external funding covering up to 50% of the transition costs.

Apply your financial model to the same metropolitan area you used in the previous question.

3. Transportation officials in metropolitan areas are exploring approaches in which they gradually change their fleet from combustion engines buses to electric. Assuming the goal is to have a fully electric fleet no later than 2033, utilize your previously developed models to craft a 10-year roadmap that urban transport authorities can leverage to plan their e-bus fleet updates.

Apply your models (or new model) to the same metropolitan area you used in the previous question and also apply it to two additional metropolitan areas of your choosing.

想知道如何解题，请联系我们，联系方式在文章末尾

$$\mathbf{ProblemB}:\mathbf{电动巴士充电问题}$$

电动公交车在全球城市的普及代表着向可持续城市交通迈出了重要一步。随着人们对空气污染和气候变化的日益担忧，许多城市不得不重新考虑对传统柴油公交车的依赖。根据彭博社新能源财经[1]最近的一份报告，电动巴士将主导公共交通部门，到2032年将成为全球道路上所有公交车的大多数。在这一转变中，中国尤其值得注意，因为它是世界上大多数电动汽车的所在地，这在很大程度上是由政府优先考虑电动汽车和严格排放标准的政策推动的。世界各地的城市（如哥伦比亚波哥大、美国纽约和德国柏林）也在共同努力，将电动巴士纳入其车队，尽管速度更为缓慢。

电动巴士的推广不仅对环境有吸引力，而且由于电池价格下降和运营费用降低，预计从长远来看也具有成本效益。政府激励措施，如2023年《两党基础设施法》为美国电动巴士项目拨款17亿美元[2]，进一步促进了电动巴士的采用。然而，挑战包括高昂的初始成本、充电基础设施开发、漫长的充电时间和潜在的续航里程限制。

1.构建一个模型，帮助城市分析向全电动公交车队过渡的生态后果。

确定一个人口（至少）为50万的大都市地区，该地区目前没有全电动公交车队。将您的模型应用到您选择的城市。

2.钱很重要。构建一个模型，重点关注与转换为电动巴士相关的财务影响。您的模型应考虑到潜在的外部资金，最多可覆盖50%的过渡成本。

将您的财务模型应用于上一个问题中使用的同一大都市地区。

3.大都市地区的交通部门正在探索将车队从内燃机公交车逐步转变为电动公交车的方法。假设目标是在2033年之前拥有一支全电动车队，请利用您之前开发的车型制定一个10年发展蓝图，城市交通主管部门可以利用该路线来规划电动巴士车队的更新。

将您的模型（或新模型）应用于您在上一个问题中使用的同一大都市区域，并将其应用于您选择的另外两个大都市区域。

想知道如何解题，请联系我们，联系方式在文章末尾