一、三角函数
1. 直角三角形中的定义
在直角三角形中仅有锐角（大小在0到90度之间的角）三角函数的定义：
θ \theta θ的正弦是对边与斜边的比值： sin θ = a h {\displaystyle \sin {\theta }={\frac {a}{h}}} sinθ=ha
θ {\displaystyle \theta } θ的余弦是邻边与斜边的比值： cos θ = b h {\displaystyle \cos {\theta }={\frac {b}{h}}} cosθ=hb
θ {\displaystyle \theta } θ的正切是对边与邻边的比值： tan θ = a b {\displaystyle \tan {\theta }={\frac {a}{b}}} tanθ=ba
θ {\displaystyle \theta } θ的余切是邻边与对边的比值： cot θ = b a {\displaystyle \cot {\theta }={\frac {b}{a}}} cotθ=ab
θ {\displaystyle \theta } θ的正割是斜边与邻边的比值： sec θ = h b {\displaystyle \sec {\theta }={\frac {h}{b}}} secθ=bh
θ {\displaystyle \theta } θ的余割是斜边与对边的比值： csc θ = h a {\displaystyle \csc {\theta }={\frac {h}{a}}} cscθ=ah
2、直角坐标系中的定义
| 正弦 | 余弦 | 正切 | 余切 | 正割 | 余割 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sin θ = y r {\displaystyle \sin \theta ={\frac {y}{r}}} sinθ=ry | cos θ = x r {\displaystyle \cos \theta ={\frac {x}{r}}} cosθ=rx | tan θ = y x {\displaystyle \tan \theta ={\frac {y}{x}}} tanθ=xy | cot θ = x y {\displaystyle \cot \theta ={\frac {x}{y}}} cotθ=yx | sec θ = r x {\displaystyle \sec \theta ={\frac {r}{x}}} secθ=xr | csc θ = r y {\displaystyle \csc \theta ={\frac {r}{y}}} cscθ=yr |
3、性质
正弦定理：
a sin A = b sin B = c sin C = 2 R ， {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{\sin A}}={\frac {b}{\sin B}}={\frac {c}{\sin C}}=2R，} sinAa=sinBb=sinCc=2R， 其中，R是三角形外接圆的半径长度：
R = a b c ( a + b + c ) ( a − b + c ) ( a + b − c ) ( b + c − a ) . {\displaystyle R={\frac {abc}{\sqrt {(a+b+c)(a-b+c)(a+b-c)(b+c-a)}}}.} R=(a+b+c)(a−b+c)(a+b−c)(b+c−a)abc.
另一个有关于正弦的法则可以用来计算三角形的面积。在给定两条边的长度以及它们所夹角的角度，该三角形的面积为： A r e a = 1 2 a b sin C . {\displaystyle {Area}={\frac {1}{2}}ab\sin C.} Area=21absinC.
余弦定理：
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2 a b cos γ {\displaystyle c^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}-2ab\cos \gamma } c2=a2+b2−2abcosγ
同样，也可以将其改为：
b 2 = c 2 + a 2 − 2 c a cos β a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2 b c cos α {\displaystyle b^{2}=c^{2}+a^{2}-2ca\cos \beta }\\{\displaystyle a^{2}=b^{2}+c^{2}-2bc\cos \alpha } b2=c2+a2−2cacosβa2=b2+c2−2bccosα
其中 c {\displaystyle c} c 是 γ {\displaystyle \gamma } γ 角的对边，而 a {\displaystyle a} a 和 b {\displaystyle b} b 是 γ {\displaystyle \gamma } γ 角的邻边。勾股定理则是余弦定理的特殊情况，当 γ {\displaystyle \gamma } γ 为 9 0 ∘ {\displaystyle 90^{\circ }} 90∘ 时， cos γ = 0 {\displaystyle \cos \gamma =0} cosγ=0，等式可被简化为 c 2 = a 2 + b 2 {\displaystyle c^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}} c2=a2+b2。
正切定理：
任意两条边的和除以第一条边减第二条边的差所得的商等于这两条边的对角的和的一半的正切除以第一条边对角减第二条边对角的差的一半的正切所得的商：
a − b a + b = t a n α − β 2 t a n α + β 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {a-b}{a+b}}={\frac {\mathrm {tan} \,{\frac {\alpha -\beta }{2}}}{\mathrm {tan} \,{\frac {\alpha +\beta }{2}}}}} a+ba−b=tan2α+βtan2α−β
b − c b + c = t a n β − γ 2 t a n β + γ 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {b-c}{b+c}}={\frac {\mathrm {tan} \,{\frac {\beta -\gamma }{2}}}{\mathrm {tan} \,{\frac {\beta +\gamma }{2}}}}} b+cb−c=tan2β+γtan2β−γ
c − a c + a = t a n γ − α 2 t a n γ + α 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {c-a}{c+a}}={\frac {\mathrm {tan} \,{\frac {\gamma -\alpha }{2}}}{\mathrm {tan} \,{\frac {\gamma +\alpha }{2}}}}} c+ac−a=tan2γ+αtan2γ−α
毕达哥拉斯恒等式：
sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 {\displaystyle \sin ^{2}\!x+\cos ^{2}\!x=1} sin2x+cos2x=1 ⇒ tan 2 x + 1 = sec 2 x {\displaystyle \tan ^{2}\!x+1=\sec ^{2}\!x} tan2x+1=sec2x， 1 + cot 2 x = csc 2 x . {\displaystyle 1+\cot ^{2}\!x=\csc ^{2}\!x.} 1+cot2x=csc2x.
和差公式：
| 正弦 | sin ( α ± β ) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β {\displaystyle \sin(\alpha \pm \beta )=\sin \alpha \cos \beta \pm \cos \alpha \sin \beta \,} sin(α±β)=sinαcosβ±cosαsinβ |
|---|---|
| 余弦 | cos ( α ± β ) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β {\displaystyle \cos(\alpha \pm \beta )=\cos \alpha \cos \beta \mp \sin \alpha \sin \beta \,} cos(α±β)=cosαcosβ∓sinαsinβ |
| 正切 | tan ( α ± β ) = tan α ± tan β 1 ∓ tan α tan β {\displaystyle \tan(\alpha \pm \beta )={\frac {\tan \alpha \pm \tan \beta }{1\mp \tan \alpha \tan \beta }}} tan(α±β)=1∓tanαtanβtanα±tanβ |
| 余切 | cot ( α ± β ) = cot α cot β ∓ 1 cot β ± cot α {\displaystyle \cot(\alpha \pm \beta )={\frac {\cot \alpha \cot \beta \mp 1}{\cot \beta \pm \cot \alpha }}} cot(α±β)=cotβ±cotαcotαcotβ∓1 |
| 正割 | sec ( α ± β ) = sec α sec β 1 ∓ tan α tan β {\displaystyle \sec(\alpha \pm \beta )={\frac {\sec \alpha \sec \beta }{1\mp \tan \alpha \tan \beta }}} sec(α±β)=1∓tanαtanβsecαsecβ |
| 余割 | csc ( α ± β ) = csc α csc β cot β ± cot α {\displaystyle \csc(\alpha \pm \beta )={\frac {\csc \alpha \csc \beta }{\cot \beta \pm \cot \alpha }}} csc(α±β)=cotβ±cotαcscαcscβ |
倍角公式：
| 弦 | 切 | 割 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 二倍角公式正 | sin 2 θ = 2 sin θ cos θ = 2 tan θ 1 + tan 2 θ {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sin 2\theta &=2\sin \theta \cos \theta \ \\&={\frac {2\tan \theta }{1+\tan ^{2}\theta }}\end{aligned}}} sin2θ=2sinθcosθ =1+tan2θ2tanθ | tan 2 θ = 2 tan θ 1 − tan 2 θ = 1 1 − tan θ − 1 1 + tan θ {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\tan 2\theta &={\frac {2\tan \theta }{1-\tan ^{2}\theta }}\ \\&={\frac {1}{1-\tan \theta }}-{\frac {1}{1+\tan \theta }}\end{aligned}}} tan2θ=1−tan2θ2tanθ =1−tanθ1−1+tanθ1 | sec 2 θ = sec 2 θ 1 − tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ 2 − sec 2 θ {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sec 2\theta &={\frac {\sec ^{2}\theta }{1-\tan ^{2}\theta }}\\&={\frac {\sec ^{2}\theta }{2-\sec ^{2}\theta }}\end{aligned}}} sec2θ=1−tan2θsec2θ=2−sec2θsec2θ |
| 二倍角公式余 | cos 2 θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 2 θ = 1 − tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\cos 2\theta &=\cos ^{2}\theta -\sin ^{2}\theta \\&=2\cos ^{2}\theta -1\\&=1-2\sin ^{2}\theta \\&={\frac {1-\tan ^{2}\theta }{1+\tan ^{2}\theta }}\end{aligned}}} cos2θ=cos2θ−sin2θ=2cos2θ−1=1−2sin2θ=1+tan2θ1−tan2θ | cot 2 θ = cot 2 θ − 1 2 cot θ = cot θ − tan θ 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\cot 2\theta &={\frac {\cot ^{2}\theta -1}{2\cot \theta }}\\&={\frac {\cot \theta -\tan \theta }{2}}\end{aligned}}} cot2θ=2cotθcot2θ−1=2cotθ−tanθ | csc 2 θ = csc 2 θ 2 cot θ = sec θ csc θ 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\csc 2\theta &={\frac {\csc ^{2}\theta }{2\cot \theta }}\\&={\frac {\sec \theta \csc \theta }{2}}\end{aligned}}} csc2θ=2cotθcsc2θ=2secθcscθ |
| 三倍角公式正 | sin 3 θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin 3 θ {\displaystyle \sin 3\theta =3\sin \theta -4\sin ^{3}\theta \,} sin3θ=3sinθ−4sin3θ | tan 3 θ = 3 tan θ − tan 3 θ 1 − 3 tan 2 θ {\displaystyle \tan 3\theta ={\frac {3\tan \theta -\tan ^{3}\theta }{1-3\tan ^{2}\theta }}} tan3θ=1−3tan2θ3tanθ−tan3θ | sec 3 θ = sec 3 θ 4 − 3 sec 2 θ {\displaystyle \sec 3\theta ={\frac {\sec ^{3}\theta }{4-3\sec ^{2}\theta }}} sec3θ=4−3sec2θsec3θ |
| 三倍角公式余 | cos 3 θ = 4 cos 3 θ − 3 cos θ {\displaystyle \cos 3\theta =4\cos ^{3}\theta -3\cos \theta \,} cos3θ=4cos3θ−3cosθ | cot 3 θ = cot 3 θ − 3 cot θ 3 cot 2 θ − 1 {\displaystyle \cot 3\theta ={\frac {\cot ^{3}\theta -3\cot \theta }{3\cot ^{2}\theta -1}}} cot3θ=3cot2θ−1cot3θ−3cotθ | csc 3 θ = csc 3 θ 3 csc 2 θ − 4 {\displaystyle \csc 3\theta ={\frac {\csc ^{3}\theta }{3\csc ^{2}\theta -4}}} csc3θ=3csc2θ−4csc3θ |
| 半角公式正 | sin θ 2 = ± 1 − cos θ 2 {\displaystyle \sin {\frac {\theta }{2}}=\pm \,{\sqrt {\frac {1-\cos \theta }{2}}}} sin2θ=±21−cosθ | tan θ 2 = csc θ − cot θ = ± 1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ = sin θ 1 + cos θ = 1 − cos θ sin θ = cos θ + sin θ − 1 cos θ − sin θ + 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\tan {\frac {\theta }{2}}&=\csc \theta -\cot \theta \\&=\pm \,{\sqrt {1-\cos \theta \over 1+\cos \theta }}\\&={\frac {\sin \theta }{1+\cos \theta }}\\&={\frac {1-\cos \theta }{\sin \theta }}\\&={\frac {\cos \theta +\sin \theta -1}{\cos \theta -\sin \theta +1}}\end{aligned}}} tan2θ=cscθ−cotθ=±1+cosθ1−cosθ=1+cosθsinθ=sinθ1−cosθ=cosθ−sinθ+1cosθ+sinθ−1 | sec θ 2 = ± 2 sec θ sec θ + 1 {\displaystyle \sec {\frac {\theta }{2}}=\pm \,{\sqrt {\frac {2\sec \theta }{\sec \theta +1}}}} sec2θ=±secθ+12secθ |
| 半角公式余 | cos θ 2 = ± 1 + cos θ 2 {\displaystyle \cos {\frac {\theta }{2}}=\pm \,{\sqrt {\frac {1+\cos \theta }{2}}}} cos2θ=±21+cosθ | cot θ 2 = csc θ + cot θ = ± 1 + cos θ 1 − cos θ = sin θ 1 − cos θ = 1 + cos θ sin θ = cos θ − sin θ + 1 cos θ + sin θ − 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\cot {\frac {\theta }{2}}&=\csc \theta +\cot \theta \\&=\pm \,{\sqrt {1+\cos \theta \over 1-\cos \theta }}\\&={\frac {\sin \theta }{1-\cos \theta }}\\&={\frac {1+\cos \theta }{\sin \theta }}\\&={\frac {\cos \theta -\sin \theta +1}{\cos \theta +\sin \theta -1}}\end{aligned}}} cot2θ=cscθ+cotθ=±1−cosθ1+cosθ=1−cosθsinθ=sinθ1+cosθ=cosθ+sinθ−1cosθ−sinθ+1 | csc θ 2 = ± 2 sec θ sec θ − 1 {\displaystyle \csc {\frac {\theta }{2}}=\pm \,{\sqrt {\frac {2\sec \theta }{\sec \theta -1}}}} csc2θ=±secθ−12secθ |
积化和差与和差化积恒等式：
| 积化和差 | 和差化积 |
|---|---|
| sin α cos β = sin ( α + β ) + sin ( α − β ) 2 {\displaystyle \sin \alpha \cos \beta ={\sin(\alpha +\beta )+\sin(\alpha -\beta ) \over 2}} sinαcosβ=2sin(α+β)+sin(α−β) | sin α + sin β = 2 sin α + β 2 cos α − β 2 {\displaystyle \sin \alpha +\sin \beta =2\sin {\frac {\alpha +\beta }{2}}\cos {\frac {\alpha -\beta }{2}}} sinα+sinβ=2sin2α+βcos2α−β |
| cos α sin β = sin ( α + β ) − sin ( α − β ) 2 {\displaystyle \cos \alpha \sin \beta ={\sin(\alpha +\beta )-\sin(\alpha -\beta ) \over 2}} cosαsinβ=2sin(α+β)−sin(α−β) | sin α − sin β = 2 cos α + β 2 sin α − β 2 {\displaystyle \sin \alpha -\sin \beta =2\cos {\alpha +\beta \over 2}\sin {\alpha -\beta \over 2}} sinα−sinβ=2cos2α+βsin2α−β |
| cos α cos β = cos ( α + β ) + cos ( α − β ) 2 {\displaystyle \cos \alpha \cos \beta ={\cos(\alpha +\beta )+\cos(\alpha -\beta ) \over 2}} cosαcosβ=2cos(α+β)+cos(α−β) | cos α + cos β = 2 cos α + β 2 cos α − β 2 {\displaystyle \cos \alpha +\cos \beta =2\cos {\frac {\alpha +\beta }{2}}\cos {\frac {\alpha -\beta }{2}}} cosα+cosβ=2cos2α+βcos2α−β |
| sin α sin β = − cos ( α + β ) − cos ( α − β ) 2 {\displaystyle \sin \alpha \sin \beta =-{\cos(\alpha +\beta )-\cos(\alpha -\beta ) \over 2}} sinαsinβ=−2cos(α+β)−cos(α−β) | cos α − cos β = − 2 sin α + β 2 sin α − β 2 {\displaystyle \cos \alpha -\cos \beta =-2\sin {\alpha +\beta \over 2}\sin {\alpha -\beta \over 2}} cosα−cosβ=−2sin2α+βsin2α−β |
平方差公式：
sin ( x + y ) sin ( x − y ) = sin 2 x − sin 2 y = cos 2 y − cos 2 x {\displaystyle \sin(x+y)\sin(x-y)=\sin ^{2}{x}-\sin ^{2}{y}=\cos ^{2}{y}-\cos ^{2}{x}\,} sin(x+y)sin(x−y)=sin2x−sin2y=cos2y−cos2x
cos ( x + y ) cos ( x − y ) = cos 2 x − sin 2 y = cos 2 y − sin 2 x {\displaystyle \cos(x+y)\cos(x-y)=\cos ^{2}{x}-\sin ^{2}{y}=\cos ^{2}{y}-\sin ^{2}{x}\,} cos(x+y)cos(x−y)=cos2x−sin2y=cos2y−sin2x
4、三角函数的反函数
- 在笛卡尔平面上 f ( x ) = arcsin x {\displaystyle f(x)=\arcsin x} f(x)=arcsinx(红)和 f ( x ) = arccos x {\displaystyle f(x)=\arccos x} f(x)=arccosx(绿)函数的常用主值的图像。
- 在笛卡尔平面上 f ( x ) = arctan x {\displaystyle f(x)=\arctan x} f(x)=arctanx(红)和 f ( x ) = arccot x {\displaystyle f(x)=\operatorname {arccot} x} f(x)=arccotx(绿)函数的常用主值的图像。
-
在笛卡尔平面上 f ( x ) = arcsec x {\displaystyle f(x)=\operatorname {arcsec} x} f(x)=arcsecx(红)和 f ( x ) = arccsc x {\displaystyle f(x)=\operatorname {arccsc} x} f(x)=arccscx(绿)函数的常用主值的图像。
名称 常用符号 定义 定义域 值域 反正弦 y = arcsin x {\displaystyle y=\arcsin x} y=arcsinx x = sin y {\displaystyle x=\sin y} x=siny [ − 1 , 1 ] {\displaystyle [-1,1]} [−1,1] [ − π 2 , π 2 ] {\displaystyle [-{\frac {\pi }{2}},{\frac {\pi }{2}}]} [−2π,2π] 反余弦 y = arccos x {\displaystyle y=\arccos x} y=arccosx x = cos y {\displaystyle x=\cos y} x=cosy [ − 1 , 1 ] {\displaystyle [-1,1]} [−1,1] [ 0 , π ] {\displaystyle [0,\pi ]} [0,π] 反正切 y = arctan x {\displaystyle y=\arctan x} y=arctanx x = tan y {\displaystyle x=\tan y} x=tany R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } R ( − π 2 , π 2 ) {\displaystyle (-{\frac {\pi }{2}},{\frac {\pi }{2}})} (−2π,2π) 反余切 y = arccot x {\displaystyle y=\operatorname {arccot} x} y=arccotx x = cot y {\displaystyle x=\cot y} x=coty R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } R ( 0 , π ) {\displaystyle (0,\pi )} (0,π) 反正割 y = arcsec x {\displaystyle y=\operatorname {arcsec} x} y=arcsecx x = sec y {\displaystyle x=\sec y} x=secy ( − ∞ , − 1 ] ∪ [ 1 , + ∞ ) {\displaystyle (-\infty ,-1]\cup [1,+\infty )} (−∞,−1]∪[1,+∞) [ 0 , π 2 ) ∪ ( π 2 , π ] {\displaystyle [0,{\frac {\pi }{2}})\cup ({\frac {\pi }{2}},\pi ]} [0,2π)∪(2π,π] 反余割 y = arccsc x {\displaystyle y=\operatorname {arccsc} x} y=arccscx x = csc y {\displaystyle x=\csc y} x=cscy ( − ∞ , − 1 ] ∪ [ 1 , + ∞ ) {\displaystyle (-\infty ,-1]\cup [1,+\infty )} (−∞,−1]∪[1,+∞) [ − π 2 , 0 ) ∪ ( 0 , π 2 ] {\displaystyle [-{\frac {\pi }{2}},0)\cup (0,{\frac {\pi }{2}}]} [−2π,0)∪(0,2π] 反函数的性质：
余角：
arccos x = π 2 − arcsin x {\displaystyle \arccos x={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arcsin x} arccosx=2π−arcsinx
arccot x = π 2 − arctan x {\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} x={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arctan x} arccotx=2π−arctanx
arccsc x = π 2 − arcsec x {\displaystyle \operatorname {arccsc} x={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\operatorname {arcsec} x} arccscx=2π−arcsecx
负数参数：
arcsin ( − x ) = − arcsin x arccos ( − x ) = π − arccos x arctan ( − x ) = − arctan x arccot ( − x ) = π − arccot x arcsec ( − x ) = π − arcsec x arccsc ( − x ) = − arccsc x {\displaystyle \arcsin(-x)=-\arcsin x\!}\\{\displaystyle \arccos(-x)=\pi -\arccos x\!}\\{\displaystyle \arctan(-x)=-\arctan x\!}\\{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot}(-x)=\pi -\operatorname {arccot} x\!}\\{\displaystyle \operatorname {arcsec}(-x)=\pi -\operatorname {arcsec} x\!}\\{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccsc}(-x)=-\operatorname {arccsc} x\!} arcsin(−x)=−arcsinxarccos(−x)=π−arccosxarctan(−x)=−arctanxarccot(−x)=π−arccotxarcsec(−x)=π−arcsecxarccsc(−x)=−arccscx
倒数参数：
arccos 1 x = arcsec x {\displaystyle \arccos {\frac {1}{x}}\,=\operatorname {arcsec} x} arccosx1=arcsecx
arcsin 1 x = arccsc x {\displaystyle \arcsin {\frac {1}{x}}\,=\operatorname {arccsc} x} arcsinx1=arccscx
arctan 1 x = π 2 − arctan x = arccot x , x > 0 {\displaystyle \arctan {\frac {1}{x}}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arctan x=\operatorname {arccot} x,\ } {\displaystyle \ x>0} arctanx1=2π−arctanx=arccotx, x>0
arctan 1 x = − π 2 − arctan x = − π + arccot x , x < 0 {\displaystyle \arctan {\frac {1}{x}}=-{\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arctan x=-\pi +\operatorname {arccot} x,\ } {\displaystyle \ x<0} arctanx1=−2π−arctanx=−π+arccotx, x<0
arccot 1 x = π 2 − arccot x = arctan x , x > 0 {\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} {\frac {1}{x}}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\operatorname {arccot} x=\arctan x,\ } {\displaystyle \ x>0} arccotx1=2π−arccotx=arctanx, x>0
arccot 1 x = 3 π 2 − arccot x = π + arctan x , x < 0 {\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} {\frac {1}{x}}={\frac {3\pi }{2}}-\operatorname {arccot} x=\pi +\arctan x,\ } {\displaystyle \ x<0} arccotx1=23π−arccotx=π+arctanx, x<0
arcsec 1 x = arccos x {\displaystyle \operatorname {arcsec} {\frac {1}{x}}=\arccos x} arcsecx1=arccosx
arccsc 1 x = arcsin x {\displaystyle \operatorname {arccsc} {\frac {1}{x}}=\arcsin x} arccscx1=arcsinx
二、参数方程
在平面直角坐标系中，如果曲线上任意一点的坐标 x、y 都是某个变数t的函数： { x = f ( t ) y = g ( t ) {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x=f(t)\\y=g(t)\end{cases}}} {x=f(t)y=g(t)，并且对于 t 的每一个允许的取值，由方程组确定的点 (x, y) 都在这条曲线上，那么这个方程就叫做曲线的参数方程.
直线：
[点斜式]过 ( x 0 , y 0 ) {\displaystyle (x_{0},y_{0})} (x0,y0)，斜率为 m {\displaystyle m} m 的直线: { x = x 0 + t y = y 0 + m t {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x=x_{0}+t\\y=y_{0}+mt\end{cases}}} {x=x0+ty=y0+mt
[点向式]过 ( x 0 , y 0 ) {\displaystyle (x_{0},y_{0})} (x0,y0), 方向向量为 ( u , v ) {\displaystyle (u,v)} (u,v)的直线： { x = x 0 + u t y = y 0 + v t {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x=x_{0}+ut\\y=y_{0}+vt\end{cases}}} {x=x0+uty=y0+vt
圆： { x = r cos t y = r sin t {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x=r\cos t\\y=r\sin t\end{cases}}} {x=rcosty=rsint
椭圆： { x = a cos t y = b sin t {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x=a\cos t\\y=b\sin t\end{cases}}} {x=acosty=bsint
双曲线： { x = a sec t y = b tan t {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x=a\sec t\\y=b\tan t\end{cases}}} {x=asecty=btant
抛物线： { x = 2 c t y = t 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x=2ct\\y=t^{2}\end{cases}}} {x=2cty=t2
螺线： { x = t cos l t y = t sin l t {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x=t\cos lt\\y=t\sin lt\end{cases}}} {x=tcoslty=tsinlt
摆线： { x = r ⋅ ( t − sin t ) y = r ⋅ ( 1 − cos t ) {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x=r\cdot \left(t-\sin t\right)\\y=r\cdot \left(1-\cos t\right)\end{cases}}} {x=r⋅(t−sint)y=r⋅(1−cost)
三、极坐标
从极坐标 r {\displaystyle r} r 和 θ {\displaystyle \theta } θ 可以变换为直角坐标：
r = y 2 + x 2 {\displaystyle r={\sqrt {y^{2}+x^{2}}}\quad } r=y2+x2（参阅勾股定理）
θ = atan2 ( y , x ) {\displaystyle \theta =\operatorname {atan2} (y,x)\quad } θ=atan2(y,x)（atan2 是已将象限纳入考量的反正切函数）
或
θ = { arctan ( y x ) if x > 0 arctan ( y x ) + π if x < 0 and y ≥ 0 arctan ( y x ) − π if x < 0 and y < 0 π 2 if x = 0 and y > 0 − π 2 if x = 0 and y < 0 0 if x = 0 and y = 0 {\displaystyle \theta ={\begin{cases}\arctan({\frac {y}{x}})&{\text{if }}x>0\\\arctan({\frac {y}{x}})+\pi &{\text{if }}x<0{\text{ and }}y\geq 0\\\arctan({\frac {y}{x}})-\pi &{\text{if }}x<0{\text{ and }}y<0\\{\frac {\pi }{2}}&{\text{if }}x=0{\text{ and }}y>0\\-{\frac {\pi }{2}}&{\text{if }}x=0{\text{ and }}y<0\\0&{\text{if }}x=0{\text{ and }}y=0\end{cases}}} θ=⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧arctan(xy)arctan(xy)+πarctan(xy)−π2π−2π0if x>0if x<0 and y≥0if x<0 and y<0if x=0 and y>0if x=0 and y<0if x=0 and y=0
从直角坐标 x {\displaystyle x} x 和 y {\displaystyle y} y 也可以变换为极坐标：
x = r cos θ y = r sin θ {\displaystyle x=r\cos \theta }\\{\displaystyle y=r\sin \theta } x=rcosθy=rsinθ
扫一扫
730
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
